Child Labor in Virginia. NCLC Pamphlet No. 171
description: Pamphlet by Alexander Jeffrey McKelway, Secretary for the Southern States, National Child Labor Committee. With photographs by Lewis W. Hine, staff photographer for the NCLC. Lewis Hine made a photographic investigation of child labor in Virginia in May and June of 1911. This pamphlet discusses the extent of child labor in the state where children were employed in cotton, silk and knitting mills, coal mines, cigarette factories, glass factories, shoe factories, and as newsboys, messenger boys, and actors on stage. Excerpts: p.3-4 "The cotton mills have often put themselves forward as patrons of education. The figures of the Federal Bureau of Labor do not bear out this claim. The Census shows that 9 per cent. of the white children ten to fourteen years of age throughout the state are illiterate. In the cotton mills 70 per cent. of the children under fourteen were found to be illiterate by the agents of the Bureau of Labor, a greater percentage than are to be found, even in the cotton mill families of any other state, north or south." p.5 "...there was no necessity for the labor of these children under fourteen; while it is admitted by all philanthropic agencies that even if there were in individual cases such need, the last expedient that should be adopted is the putting of the burden of family support upon the shoulders of the immature child." p. 9 "It is true, therefore, that a large majority of the industries of Virginia do not employ children under fourteen, and these establishments should be protected from the competition of the child-employing industries, which are here mentioned and illustrated."
creator: McKelway, A. J.
source: Child Labor Pamphlets, 1908 - 1935, No. 68, digital collection, William Smith Morton Library, Union Presbyterian Seminary
contributor: Union Presbyterian Seminary Library
rights: The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/
relation: Learn more: Alexander Jeffrey McKelway, 1866-1918, Documenting the American South. From Dictionary of North Carolina Biography edited by William S. Powell. Child Labor, Social Welfare History Project National Child Labor Committee, Social Welfare History Project Lewis Wickes Hine: Documentary Photographs, 1905 - 1938, New York Public Library Digital Collections

Some Constitutional Aspects of the Child Labor Amendment [Anti- Child Labor Amendment materials]
description: Materials sent to pastors in the Presbyterian Church in the United States (PCUS), urging them to contact their state representatives to oppose ratification of the Child Labor Amendment, which was adopted by Congress in 1924. Included are a note from Rev. William Crowe of the Westminster Presbyterian Church in Saint Louis, Mo; a letter from Sterling E. Edmunds, Director of the Missouri Committee for the Protection of Child, Family, School and Church; and a pamphlet produced by the Sentinels of the Republic containing an address titled, "Some Constitutional Aspects of the Child Labor Amendment" by Sterling E. Edmunds. Sterling Edmunds begins his cover letter, "Dear Sir: A well-financed organized lobby, under the direction of the women of the Labor Department in Washington, will storm your Legislature at Richmond on January 10, 1934, and seek immediate ratification of the so-called Child Labor Amendment, before its dangerous import can become known." In the pamphlet, Edmunds argues that term "labor" in the amendment also refers to mental labor such as takes place by students in school. He states that the Child Labor Amendment would therefore allow Congress to take control of all public and private schools. This, he claims, is socialism. The Sentinels of the Republic was a national organization that opposed what it saw as federal encroachment on the rights of the States and of the individual. The group was highly active in the 1920s and 1930s, during which it worked against child labor legislation and the New Deal. The Child Labor Amendment is a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that was adopted by the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate in 1924, but never ratified by the required number of U.S. state legislatures. Excerpts: Pamphlet p. 4 "It is this aspect of the so-called Child Labor Amendment which, in my opinion, would give to Congress ultimate control over all education, public as well as private, with respect to persons up to their 18th yea…
creator: Edmunds, Sterling E., 1880-1944 Crowe, William
source: Child Labor Pamphlets, 1908 - 1935 digital collection, William Smith Morton Library, Union Presbyterian Seminary
date: 1933
contributor: Union Presbyterian Seminary Library
rights: The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/
relation: Learn more: Child Labor Amendment, Social Welfare History Image Portal "A Needed Amendment To Restrict Child Labor" The Nation. January, 1934. Social Welfare History Project Child Labor, Social Welfare History Project

"The Child Labor Amendment" to U.S. Constitution. [Anti- Child Labor Amendment pamphlet]
description: A report by the Committee on Industrial Relations to the New York Board of Trade and Transportation. The pamphlet states that a child labor amendment is not needed and that “…it makes a natural and sympathetic appeal calculated to forestall criticism or disarm antagonism…” (p.1) It also outlines arguments against the amendment, including that many problems of child labor have already been addressed; the amendment impinges on parent child relationships; that child labor issues are local rather than national ones and that states have the “necessary powers” to oversee them; and that an amendment would lead to the “Communistic or Bolshevistic Nationalization of Children.” (p. 6) The report is signed by the Committee on Industrial Relations William McCarroll, Chairman August Goldsmith Edwin S. Bayer Frank B. McCord E. C. Miller John G. Walber Dudley Farrand Adopted December 10, 1924 by New York Board of Trade and Transportation.
creator: Committee on Industrial Relations to the New York Board of Trade and Transportation
source: Paul U. Kellogg papers. Child Labor Amendment 1923-1927, Box 22 Folder 197, Social Welfare History Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries
date: 1924 December 10
contributor: Social Welfare History Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries
rights: The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/
relation: Learn more: Child Labor Amendment, Social Welfare History Image Portal "A Needed Amendment To Restrict Child Labor" The Nation. January, 1934. Social Welfare History Project Child Labor, Social Welfare History Project

What Did Miss Abbott Really Say? [NCLC pamphlet]
description: A pamphlet issued by the National Child Labor Committee to present testimony by Grace Abbott, former head of the United States Children’s Bureau, before the House Judiciary Committee on February 15, 1924. The pamphlet was issued in order to counter claims regarding her testimony made in a legal brief written in 1934 by William D. Guthrie, “The Child Labor Amendment: Argument in Opposition to Ratification.”
creator: National Child Labor Committee
source: Gertrude Zimand papers. Articles and Studies, 1924-1965. Box: 2, Folder: 17. Social Welfare History Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries
date: 1934
contributor: Social Welfare History Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries
rights: The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/
relation: Learn more: Child Labor Amendment, Social Welfare History Image Portal "A Needed Amendment To Restrict Child Labor" The Nation. January, 1934. Social Welfare History Project Child Labor, Social Welfare History Project Grace Abbott, Social Welfare History Project

Letter from Owen R. Lovejoy to Dr. Samuel McCuns Lindsay, January 27, 1925
description: Letter to Dr. Samuel McCuns Lindsay, Chairman, National Child Labor Committee from Owen R. Lovejoy, General Secretary, National Child Labor Committee Dated January 27, 1925. In the letter Lovejoy reflects on the campaign against child labor and discusses his reasons for resigning his post.
creator: Lovejoy, Owen R. (Owen Reed), 1866-1961
source: Survey Associates records. Lovejoy, Owen R., 1921-1949. Box: 95, Folder: 714-715. Social Welfare History Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries.
date: 1925 January 27
contributor: Social Welfare History Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries
rights: The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/
relation: Learn more: National Child Labor Committee, Social Welfare History Project Owen Reed Lovejoy, Michigan Biographical Dictionary 2008-2009, by Caryn Hannan. Owen R. Lovejoy, Library of Congress Prints & Photographs

Here in Massachusetts [Massachusetts Child Labor Committee pamphlet]
description: Here in Massachusetts: A fund raising pamphlet issued by the Massachusetts Child Labor Committee to promote regulation of working conditions and employment for children. The pamphlet cites statistics on child labor and industrial accidents and argues that work detracts from education, offers no real future benefits, and impairs health. The first page shows a photograph of a boy with the caption “Worth a Chance? How Much is That Chance Worth to You!” The pamphlet includes a word puzzle, “An Old Problem and a New Year.: the Corner Stones of a Square Deal” The puzzle identifies play, work, health, and school as rights of childhood.
creator: Massachusetts Child Labor Committee
source: Paul U. Kellogg papers.Child Labor Amendment, 1923-1927. Box: 22, Folder: 197. Social Welfare History Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries
date: c. 1924
contributor: Social Welfare History Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries
rights: The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/

"Child Labor" Legislation [Anti- Child labor legislation pamphlet]
description: Pamphlet by John F. Schenck, Chairman of the Legislative Committee of the North Carolina Cotton Manufacturers' Association, arguing against legal protections for child workers in cotton mills and other Southern industries. Excerpts: p. 6-7 "UNTRAMMELED AND WHOLESOME COMPETITION AMONG THE MANUFACTURERS THEMSELVES HAS AMELIORATED THE CONDITIONS OF TEXTILE LABORERS, AND ADDED MORE TO THEIR WELFARE IN THE LAST TWENTY-FIVE YEARS THAN LABOR LEGISLATION CAN EVER ACCOMPLISH, BUT NOT A WHIT MORE THAN A LITTLE HASTY AND UNCALLED-FOR LEGISLATION CAN UNDO." p.8 "The fact that this child labor movement craze may have accomplished some things, seemingly good, in other States, and has captured a large following throughout this nation, is no conclusive proof of great and wonderful merit. Nor is it sufficient reason for any respectable class of North Carolinians to surrender in despair their individuality, and tamely submit to the humiliation of being singled out from other classes, and at the instance of a foreign-born organization of agitators, be regulated by penal statutes and inspected by government spies. This State is a sovereign and independent organization , so far as the questions at issue are concerned. It is slow to adopt foolish and tyrannical fads. It has never burned women for witchcraft nor persecuted men for their religious beliefs, as have some States who would presume to teach us humanity." p. 12 "The doctrine that children should not labor is new; and practical men do not believe a word of it." p. 13 "The manufacturers of this State not only profess an interest in child welfare, but the practice it. They are epecially interested in the educational idea. As evidence of it, we point to the excellent schools which are built and maintained by most of the mills for the benefit of their employees' children and espcially to the resolution of our last Spinners' Association endorsing Compulsory Education. Why not by law compel every child, whether at a factory, or on a fa…
creator: Schenck, John F. (John Franklin), 1865-1945
source: Child Labor Pamphlets, 1908-1935. No. 155, digital collection, William Smith Morton Library, Union Presbyterian Seminary
publisher: North Carolina Cotton Manufacturers' Association (also called North Carolina Spinners' Association)
date: 1913
contributor: Union Presbyterian Seminary Library
rights: The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/
relation: Learn more: Child Labor, Social Welfare History Project Child Labor, Social Welfare History Image Portal Dawley, Thomas Robinson (c.1912). The Child That Toileth Not. Harvard Library. Open Collections Program.

The Southern Frontier, vol. 1, no. 1 [Georgia Issue]
description: Published by Commission on Interracial Cooperation (CIC), The Southern Frontier was a monthly newsletter, first issued in January, 1940. Aiming to share the stories overlooked by traditional newspapers, the newsletter published stories of social progress, as well as stories of racial injustices faced by African Americans across the American South. As described by the then President of the CIC Howard W. Odum, the name The Southern Frontier alludes to the need for even greater pioneering and progress in the social and cultural frontiers, the American South being the most turbulent field in reference to race relations and progress at the time. “The Georgia Issue,” contains contributions by: Howard W. Odum, President of the CIC Rufus E. Clement, Vice-Chairman of the Georgia Committee of the CIC H. A. Hunt R. L. Russell W. B. Sheftal M. E. Tilly W. A. Turner Articles include: “An Astounding Situation” – An article about The Training School for Negro Girls, donated to the State of Georgia by the State Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs, and left unused and unappropriated of funding by the Georgia legislature “Around Georgia” – A column highlighting the opening of the Booker T. Washington Community Center in Macon, the advisory board of the Bethlehem House, Negro Community Center in Augusta Georgia, hosting a multiracial community Christmas pageant, and other regional stories "Atlanta Pianist Plays at the White House" - A notice that pianist Josephine Harreld played for Eleanor Roosevelt and guests at the White House on December 12, 1939. "A Man of Distinction" - An obituary of Dr. Kelley (Kelly) Miller, the first African American student to attend Johns Hopkins University.
creator: Commission on Interracial Cooperation
source: Jessie Daniel Ames Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching collection, 1930-1944, Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Seminary Library
date: 1940 January
contributor: Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary Library
rights: The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/
relation: Learn more: Pullen, Ann Ellis (2013). "Commission on Interracial Cooperation" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Commission on Interracial Cooperation, Social Welfare History Image Portal

The Southern Frontier, vol. 1, no. 2
description: Published by Commission on Interracial Cooperation (CIC), The Southern Frontier was a monthly newsletter, first issued in January, 1940. Aiming to share the stories overlooked by traditional newspapers, the newsletter published stories of social progress, as well as stories of racial injustices faced by African Americans across the American South. As described by the then President of the CIC Howard W. Odum, the name The Southern Frontier alludes to the need for even greater pioneering and progress in the social and cultural frontiers, the American South being the a turbulent field in reference to race relations and progress at the time. Vol. 1, no.2 contains contributions by: Geo. E. Davis Mack Goss W. L. Anderson L. D. Ames J. D. Lawhorn A. J. Finch Articles include: “Ku Klux Klan Needs Airing” – An article urging more newspapers to alert the public of the return to activity by the Ku Klux Klan. “The Education of Public Opinion” – An article discussing the education of public opinion by the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People on the topics of mobs and lynching, and tax-supported education for Negroes. Rosenwald schools are discussed, as well as the public misconception the blacks make no real financial contributions toward their education. (Public education was segregated at this time.) "'More Libraries, More Racial Pride'" - An article about libraries for African Americans in rural areas. "It was agreed that information about members of their race who succeeded in art, literature, and business is essential to the creation of racial pride in Negro children."
creator: Commission on Interracial Cooperation
source: Jessie Daniel Ames Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching collection, 1930-1944, Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Seminary Library
date: 1940 February
contributor: Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary Library
rights: The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/
relation: Learn more: Pullen, Ann Ellis (2013). "Commission on Interracial Cooperation" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Commission on Interracial Cooperation, Social Welfare History Image Portal

The Southern Frontier, vol. 1, no. 3 [Mississippi Issue]
description: Published by Commission on Interracial Cooperation (CIC), The Southern Frontier was a monthly newsletter, first issued in January, 1940. Aiming to share the stories overlooked by traditional newspapers, the newsletter published stories of social progress, as well as stories of racial injustices faced by African Americans across the American South. As described by the then President of the CIC Howard W. Odum, the name The Southern Frontier alludes to the need for even greater pioneering and progress in the social and cultural frontiers, the American South being the most turbulent field in reference to race relations and progress at the time. The “Mississippi Issue” contains contributions by: J. Morgan Stevens M. M. Hubert A. J. Finch R. L. Hunt Theodore D. Bratton P. H. Easom Anselm Joseph Finch Horace Mann Bond R. B. Eleazer Will W. Alexander Articles include: “The South’s Problem Number One” – An article discussing poverty and over-population in the South. “The Wm. Johnson Community Center, Jackson, Miss.” – An article discussing a church-owned clinic serving the African American communities of Jackson, Mississippi. "Jim Crow Legislation" - An article about the defeat of Jim Crow amendments to a Mississippi Free Text Book Bill. State Senator H. L. Davis of Oxford is quoted as saying, "Under the Constitution the Negro is a citizen and of course we know and accept that. But he can never expect to be given the same educational and social privileges with the white man and he doesn't expect them. The best education we can give him is to use his hands, because that's how he must earn his living. It always has and it always will be." "An Oscar for Hattie" - An article about Hattie McDaniel's Academy Award for her role as Mammy in "Gone With the Wind."
creator: Commission on Interracial Cooperation
source: Jessie Daniel Ames Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching collection, 1930-1944, Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Seminary Library
date: 1940 March
contributor: Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary Library
rights: The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/
relation: Learn more: Pullen, Ann Ellis (2013). "Commission on Interracial Cooperation" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Commission on Interracial Cooperation, Social Welfare History Image Portal

The Southern Frontier, vol. 1, no. 4 [South Carolina Issue]
description: Published by Commission on Interracial Cooperation (CIC), The Southern Frontier was a monthly newsletter, first issued in January, 1940. Aiming to share the stories overlooked by traditional newspapers, the newsletter published stories of social progress, as well as stories of racial injustices faced by African Americans across the American South. As described by the then President of the CIC Howard W. Odum, the name The Southern Frontier alludes to the need for even greater pioneering and progress in the social and cultural frontiers, the American South being the most turbulent field in reference to race relations and progress at the time. The “South Carolina Issue” contains contributions by: Geo. E. Davis Adele Minahan Mary E. Frayser F. Clyde Helms Marion Paul Mack M. Goss Clelia P. McGowan Jeannie Heywood Haskell Lucile Jewell John Temple Graves, II Articles include: “A Tribute Is Due” – Profiles on Clelia Peronneau McGowan and Marion Birnie Wilkinson, who “laid the foundation stones for interracial cooperation in [South Carolina].” “The Marion Birnie Wilkinson Home” – An article about the home for orphaned and underprivileged African American children, operated by African American women of South Carolina. "Negroes Use Libraries" about efforts to extend library service to African Americans in South Carolina. A brief article about Maggie L. Walker high school of Richmond, Va., notes that it cost $500,000 and is "one of the finest institutions of its kind in the South."
creator: Commission on Interracial Cooperation
source: Jessie Daniel Ames Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching collection, 1930-1944, Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Seminary Library
date: 1940 April
contributor: Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary Library
rights: The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/
relation: Learn more: Pullen, Ann Ellis (2013). "Commission on Interracial Cooperation" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Commission on Interracial Cooperation, Social Welfare History Image Portal

The Southern Frontier, vol. 1, no. 5 [Texas Issue]
description: Published by Commission on Interracial Cooperation (CIC), The Southern Frontier was a monthly newsletter, first issued in January, 1940. Aiming to share the stories overlooked by traditional newspapers, the newsletter published stories of social progress, as well as stories of racial injustices faced by African Americans across the American South. As described by the then President of the CIC Howard W. Odum, the name The Southern Frontier alludes to the need for even greater pioneering and progress in the social and cultural frontiers, the American South being the most turbulent field in reference to race relations and progress at the time. “The Texas Issue” contains contributions by: Lulu Daniel Ames Mary E. Branch J. L. Brock C. H. Bynum Thomas W. Currie John M. Hanna Francis R. Weber Lynn Landrum J. L. Brock Gordon B. Hancock Frederick D. Patterson Articles include: “Texans Look Into Negro Education” – An article detailing the meeting of the Texas State Department of Education, the Texas Interracial Committee, and the Texas State Colored Teachers Association to discuss plans to provide in-state graduate education for African American Texans. “Holy Cross Clinic, Austin, Will Open in Early July” – An article detailing the opening of the Holy Cross Cross Clinic, a clinic caring for African Americans on small wages.
creator: Commission on Interracial Cooperation
source: Jessie Daniel Ames Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching collection, 1930-1944, Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Seminary Library
date: 1940 May
contributor: Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary Library
rights: The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/
relation: Learn more: Pullen, Ann Ellis (2013). "Commission on Interracial Cooperation" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Commission on Interracial Cooperation, Social Welfare History Image Portal

Need of Compulsory Education in the South [NCLC Pamphlet No. 192]
description: Pamphlet by W.H. Hand, State High School Inspector, Columbia, South Carolina. Reprint from the Child Labor Bulletin, 1/1, June 1912. Includes data from the 1910 U.S. Census. Excerpts: p. 6 "...in a democracy where manhood suffrage practically prevails, institutional life is exposed to tremendous dangers when twelve per cent. of the voting population are unable to read the names printed on the ballots they are supposed to cast intelligently for the government of the State. Ignorance stands for narrowness, bigotry, selfishness and stagnation ; intelligence stands for liberty, liberality, tolerance, sympathy and growth. We must choose between the two." p. 8 "The material prosperity of the present South is one of the marvels of modern times. The faith and courage with which our people rebuilt their ruined homes, reclaimed their neglected fields, bridged the rivers, tunneled the mountains, built factories and constructed railroads challenge the admiration of the civilized world. In that struggle to rise from the ashes the greatest hindrance has been our load of illiteracy, and to-day it is our heaviest burden." p. 8 "Who are these illiterate white children of the South, and why are they not in school?" p. 9 "Argument against the right of the State to send a chld to school is specious and superficial. Those who make such argument would not for one moment deny the right of the State to compel the parent to vaccinate his child, to compel the parent to feed and clothe his child, or to compel him to fight for his country, and to shoot him if he deserted. The State has the right to carry the law-breaking child to the reformatory or to jail to protect society. Has not the State as much right to carry the child to the schoolhouse to save him from the reformatory or the jail and to train him to benefit society?" p. 12 "Temporizing patriots, with one ear listening to the call of duty and the other listening to the hostile rabble, declare for compulsory education when pressed to ta…
creator: Hand, William H.
source: Child Labor Pamphlets, 1908-1935. No. 84, digital collection, William Smith Morton Library, Union Presbyterian Seminary
publisher: National Child Labor Committee
date: 1912
contributor: William Smith Morton Library, Union Presbyterian Seminary
rights: The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/

Casualties of Child Labor: Ten Children Illegally Employed in Pennsylvania and What Happened to Them
description: Pamphlet issued by the Consumers' League of Eastern Pennsylvania as an exposé of workplace accidents involving children. The authors make an appeal to regulate child labor, and “To break down the conspiracy of silence” (p. 11) about illegal child employment. The cover summarizes the cases discussed in the pamphlet: "Two killed – one smothered to death and one blown to pieces Six seriously injured – hands crushed, fingers amputated, leg mangled Two of the injured permanently incapacited Two injured more or less seriously”
creator: De Lima, Agnes McConnell, Beatrice, 1894-1985
source: Paul U. Kellogg papers. Child Labor Amendment, 1923-1927. Box: 22, Folder: 197. Social Welfare History Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries
publisher: Consumers' League of Eastern Pennsylvania
date: 1924 December
contributor: Social Welfare History Archive, University of Minnesota Libraries
rights: The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/

The Doctor Looks at Child Labor. NCLC Pamphlet No. 356
description: A symposium edited by the NCLC. A series of statements related to the long-term health effects of child labor on children and youth. "The insidious thing about child labor is that its effects manifest themselves at the most unexpected times in later life and often in a disastrous manner....We would not permit the exploitation of a child that is precious to any one of us. Let us not, therefore, as citizens, tolerate the exploitation of other people's children." (back cover) Contributed by: C.-E. A. Winslow, Professor of Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine William R. P. Emerson Eugene L. Opie Louis I. Harris Joseph H. Bainton Alice Hamilton Haven Emerson Iago Galdston Charles Hendee Smith Max Seham Richard A. Bolt Catherine Brannick George M. Kober C. Floyd Haviland S. W. Wynne Statement titles: Chronic Fatigue; Hidden Infections; Physical Unfitness; Years of Growth; Poison Trades; Cardiacs Without Symptoms; Colts in Harness; Monotony Exacts Its Price; "Papers! All the Evenin' Papers!"; Young Nomads; When the Hand Slips; When Working Conditions are Bad; Undernourished Minds.
creator: Winslow, C. -E. A. (Charles-Edward Amory), 1877-1957
source: Child Labor Pamphlets, 1908 - 1935, No. 43, digital collection, William Smith Morton Library, Union Presbyterian Seminary
publisher: National Child Labor Committee
date: 1929
contributor: Union Presbyterian Seminary Library
rights: The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/

Education by Radio. Vol. II, No. 1. First Quarter 1941.
description: From header, "A Bulletin to Promote the Use of Radio for Educational, Cultural, and Civic Purposes" A quarterly publication by The National Committee on Education in Radio. Committee members: Arthur G. Crane, Chairman James E. Cummings Harold G. Ingham Bruce E. Mahan C. S. Marsh Charles A. Robinson, S. J. Willis A. Sutton H. J. Umberger, Vicechairman L. S. Woods The Committee was a member of the Educational Press Association of America. The lead article is titled, "Radio Builds Democracy." p. 23 "Radio has peculiar responsibilities to its listeners. The license of the local radio station gives it monolpoly rights to the air which belongs ot all of us, the people. In return, we expect the station to serve the public faithfully in 'public interest, convenience, and necessity,' as the law demands. ...radio has made the nation one great town meeting...We listen to news, to information, to opinion. We hear America's best speakers and thinkers argue for their views just as the city Fathers did in historic New England. The spoken word carries the warmth of the speaker's personality, conveys his sincerity and his enthusiasm which the printed page cannot convey. Radio listening insures correct reporting, because so many of us hear the broadcast. Radio with its nationwide audiences helps make democracy work." An article C.A. Siepman titled, "Can Radio Educate?" is excerpted from a piece in The Journal of Educational Sociology "devoted exclusively to radio problems." (p. 25-26) A notice is included about The Library of Congress Radio Research Project begun on January 1, 1941 "to investigate possible uses of radio as a medium to make available to the American public parts of the record of American culture maintained in the Library of Congress." (p. 24) Another note (p. 25) describes a series of radio programs about African Americans that is being prepared by the U. S. Office of Education. This almost certainly refers to the work of Ambrose Caliver, Senior Specialist in the Educ…
creator: National Committee on Education by Radio
source: M 172, Box 5, Calvin T. Lucy papers 1914-1978, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
date: 1941
contributor: Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
rights: The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/
relation: Learn more: National Committee on Education by Radio, Internet Archive. "<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3dXw6gR2GgkC&pg=PA134&lpg=PA134&dq=united+states+office+of+education+negro+contributions+to+american+life&source=bl&ots=00aTT-uumK&sig=4M3ATHdEy6VkDwRrNqQ6skYY4t4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj67Kn08o3dAhXSneAKHWl0A3MQ6AEwA3oECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=united%20states%20office%20of%20education%20negro%20contributions%20to%20american%20life&f=false" target="_blank" title="Ambrose Caliver biography" rel="noreferrer noopener">Caliver, Ambrose" (2004). African American Lives (pp. 133-134). Edited by Henry Louis Gates Jr., Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham. New York: Oxford University Press. Smith, S. Radio Fights Jim Crow (2001). American Public Media. The Journal of Educational Sociology. Education Turns the Dial. Vol. 14, No. 6, Feb., 1941. The Fireside Chats: Roosevelt's Radio Talks. The White House Historical Association. Can Radio Really Educate? JSTOR Daily.

Escape from Fear
description: Giveaway comic book distributed by Planned Parenthood Federation of America Publications. Revised edition of a 1956 publication. Fear of an unwanted pregnancy makes intimacy stressful for the Harpers. Learning about contraception from Planned Parenthood helps them plan for children and eases their fears. Cover teaser "Joan and Ken Harper's marriage was on the rocks--because they loved each other!" Final panel: Joan Harper says, "Planned Parenthood helped us save our marriage. Someday when our children are older, we may want another baby. That's why planned parenthood is so wonderful. It doesn't mean not having children-it means spacing them so they come when we can give them the kind of love and care they deserve!" Back cover lists six regional Planned Parenthood-World Population centers. The address for The Virginia League for Planned Parenthood (2009 Monument Ave., Richmond 20, VA.) is stamped at the bottom of the page. "This publication was prepared by the Planned Parenthood Federation of America under the supervision of Dr. Gordon W. Perkin, Associate Medical Director, for the use of persons who are married or 21 years or older. If you want birth control advice consult your doctor, your public health department, the clinic at a hostpital or the doctor at your local Planned Parenthood Center...."
source: M 333, Box 1, The Virginia League for Planned Parenthood records, 1935-2004. James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
publisher: Planned Parenthood Federation of America
date: 1965
contributor: Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
rights: The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/
relation: Learn more: Comics on a Mission: Educational and Public Service Comics, Social Welfare History Image Portal

The Amazing Spider-Man vs. The Prodigy! [Marvel/Planned Parenthood Federation of America comic book]
description: Informational comic book aimed at teenagers provides basic facts about sex, reproduction and birth control, as well as suggested sources to learn more. Story: The Amazing Spider-Man discovers that the alien villain, the Prodigy, is convincing teenagers to have unprotected sex. Prodigy plans to use the resulting children as child laborers on his home planet, Intellectia. Spider-Man unmasks the villain in front of TV cameras to thwart the plot. From title page: "This comic was produced by Marvel Comics Group in conjunction with Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc." "Stan Lee presents: A special Planet Parenthood issue of The Amazing Spider-Man. Ann Robinson, writer Ross Andru, artist Mike Esposito, inker Jan Cohen, colorist Joe Rosen, letterer" Story dialog: Prodigy: "Remember, all those people who tell you DON'T--'Don't do it'--'Don't get into heavy stuff'--they just try to scare you into thinking it's easy to get pregnant. But I say, how else can you prove you're a man: How else are you going to get a man?" Spider-Man: "My webbed head! I'm no Marcus Welby, but there's gotta be some way these kids can get the RIGHT info.* *(See page 16--Stan.) Spider-Man: "I see it all now!...He wants them to be baby machines! Changing diapers, going nowhere in dead-end jobs...Sitting home every night trying to find the time and money to go to a movie or buzz out to the burger stand."
creator: Robinson, Ann, writer
source: Comic Arts Collection, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
date: 1976
contributor: Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
rights: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/
relation: Learn more: Comics on a Mission: Educational and Public Service Comics, Social Welfare History Image Portal

Code of Wartime Practices for American Broadcasters
description: This pamphlet is a revision of the first Code of Wartime Practices for American Broadcasters issues five months previously. It contains guidelines for voluntary censorship related to "News" and "Programs." Because of the international character of radio broadcast, certain types of information was to be kept off air, including weather; troop locations, strength and movements; damage by enemy attacks; naval or air force information; fortifications; rumors or unconfirmed reports; diplomatic information; and information regarding the new location of art objects or national archives. Telephone calls were not to be aired as they could not be vetted; likewise prohibited were quiz shows and other programs where the enemy might usurp the microphone or an audience member might inadvertantly share information that could aid the enemy. Pamphlet is signed "The Office of Censorship, Byron Price. Director. June 15, 1942" Excerpts: p.2 "...it is the responsibility of every American to help prevent the dissemination of information which will be of value to the enemy and inimical to the war effort.... To combat these dangers effectively, broadcast management must be in complete control of all programming every minute of every day of operation. That accomplished, the broadcasting industry will have fulfilled an important wartime obligation." p. 8 "Radio is requested to avoid dramatic programs which attempt to portray the horrors of war, and sound effects which might be mistaken for air raid alarms, or for any other defense alarms." "Broadcasters should ask themselves, 'Is this information of value to the enemy?' If the answer is 'Yes,' they should not use it."
creator: U. S. Government Office of Censorship
source: M 172, Box 5, Radio Speech Material 1937-46, Calvin T. Lucy Papers 1914 - 1978, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
publisher: United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
date: 1942 June 15
contributor: Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
rights: The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/
relation: Annotate a PDF of this document with hypothes.is

In Defense of Prince Edward County of Virginia. Speech of Hon. Harry Flood Byrd of Virginia in the Senate of the United States, Wednesday, May 17, 1961
description: Reprint of Senator Harry F. Byrd's speech as recorded in the United States of America, Congressional Record, Proceedings and Debates of the 87th Congress, First Session.
creator: Byrd, Harry Flood
source: M 172 Box 1, f2, Calvin T. Lucy Papers, 1914 - 1978. James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
date: 1961 May 17
contributor: Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
rights: The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/
relation: Learn more: Farmville, Social Welfare History Image Portal Defenders' News and Views, Social Welfare History Image Portal Freedom Now Project, VCU Libraries Massive Resistance, Encyclopedia Virginia Farmville, Queens College Civil Rights Archives

Lorena Weeks with typewriter
description: Lorena Weeks had worked as a Southern Bell telephone operator for many years when she was denied a higher paying position as a company switchman on the basis that the job was only open to men, citing a Georgia state rule that women employees could not be made to lift anything heavier than thirty pounds. She filed a legal appeal but lost in district court. Weeks then began writing all reports by hand, refusing to carry her thirty-four-pound typewriter to her desk in protest, which resulted in her suspension. Weeks brought her case to the National Organization for Women (NOW), through which attorney Sylvia Roberts was assigned to represent her before the Fifth Circuit. Roberts won the case on appeal in 1969, arguing the idea that no woman could lift thirty pounds was absurd, given that many women routinely carry children weighing thirty pounds or more. Weeks v. Southern Bell marked an important early legal victory in the fight against gender-based workplace discrimination.
source: Collection NA-282, Box 10, Folder 19 of 24. Sylvia Roberts papers. Newcomb Archives, Newcomb College Institute, Tulane University.
date: ca. 1963-1968
contributor: Tulane University
rights: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/

Louisiana Lesbian and Gay Political Action Caucus (LAGPAC) Voter Registration Poster
description: Poster published by the Louisiana Lesbian and Gay Political Action Caucus (LAGPAC) announcing extended voter registration hours. The Louisiana Lesbian and Gay Political Action Caucus (LAGPAC) was created on August 8th, 1980, by a group of activists committed to attaining legal and social equality for Louisiana’s gender and sexual minorities. Based in Alexandria, LAGPAC was a political organization that investigated the beliefs and stances of candidates running for public office and, through mailing lists, editorials (The Voter’s Guide and The Lagniappe), and phone banking, galvanized its members to vote for candidates that were supportive of the LGBTQIA community. Meanwhile, it aimed to sway the larger Louisiana population to support equality for the state’s gender and sexual minorities. At its peak, LAGPAC also had chapters in Baton Rouge, New Orleans, and Acadiana, and made a significant impact on numerous elections. LAGPAC ceased operations in 2002, but Equality Louisiana is considered a successor of the organization. Poster text: "The Only Safe Closet is the Voting Booth!" "Bring something with your signature, i.e., Driver's License, cancelled Check, etc."
source: Manuscripts Collection #1099, Oversized folder 1, Stewart Butler papers, Louisiana Research Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University
contributor: Tulane University
rights: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/
relation: Learn more: Stewart Butler, Longtime LGBT Leader and Rights Advocate, to Receive Award from ACLU of Louisiana (2013), ACLU.org

Charlene's [poster]
description: Advertisement for Charlene's bar. "New Orleans 1977 - 1999" Charlene Schneider was an early and vocal advocate for LGBTQ causes in the 1970s. The center of her world was Charlene's, the bar she ran at 940 Elysian Fields in New Orleans from 1977 until early 1999. It became world-famous not only because of Ms. Schneider's effusive personality but also because, in its early years, Charlene's represented something rare: a safe place for lesbians when attitudes toward them were less tolerant. Besides giving women a place where they could socialize and dance, Ms. Schneider had live music by female entertainers, including Melissa Etheridge. Ms. Schneider opened the bar after a series of odd jobs, including stints at Western Union and The Times-Picayune, where she was a hot-type operator. Along the way she had firsthand experience with discrimination. In the mid-1960s, after being arrested in a raid on a gay bar, Ms. Schneider lost her job as a cryptographer, as well as her security clearance with NASA at Michoud. As a result of her experiences, one of her causes was the anti-discrimination ordinance, which the New Orleans City Council passed in 1991. After closing her bar, Ms. Schneider and her companion, Linda Tucker, moved to Bay St. Louis, where she operated an establishment called On the Coast. Poster inscribed: "To Jody & Marilyn How can I tell the importance of your friendship. Love Charlene 99"
source: Collection NA-201, Oversize Folder 1, Marilyn McConnell papers, Newcomb Archives, Newcomb College Institute, Tulane University
date: 1999
contributor: Tulane University
rights: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/
relation: Learn more: Zarrelli, Natalie (2016). The Lost Lesbian Bars of New Orleans. Atlas Obscura (September 14).

New York State Department of Mental Hygiene presents Chic Young’s Blondie
description: Educational comic book promoting sound emotional health, particularly within families. A letter written by Newton Bigelow, M.D., Commissioner of Mental Hygiene for the State of New York is printed inside the back cover. Excerpts: "As Blondie said, there is no magic formula, no set of rules for mental health. BUt there are some underlying principles that it helps to know about, especially in our relations with our children and with other people....applying them wherever possible to ordinary everyday situations, you may find that life is more satisfying, a little pleasanter for you, your children and the people around you. You will understand yourself and others a little better and you will feel more inner contentment." From front cover "The New York State Deptartment of Mental Hygiene presents Chic Young's Blondie in Scapegoat; Love Conquers All; Let's Face it; On Your Own. Produced by Joe Musial"
source: Comic Arts Collection, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
publisher: King Features
date: 1950
contributor: Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
rights: The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/
relation: Learn more: Comics on a Mission: Educational and Public Service Comics, Social Welfare History Image Portal

Consumer Comix
description: This educational comic book was a project of the Wisconsin Department of Justice, funded by the Office of Economic Opportunity, Washington, D.C. The book was distributed to high school seniors in Wisconsin. Consumer Comix artwork was created by Denis Kitchen, Peter Poplaski and Peter Loft. Wraparound cover art is by Kitchen and Loft. From inside front cover: "An introduction. This isn't an ordinary comic book. This is an educational comic book. (which doesn't make it any less entertaining.) The purpose of this book is to expose the tactics that some devious businessment use to rip-off unsuspecting consumers...." "Don't let yourself be a victim. Be an educated consumer. Stand up for your rights."
creator: Loft, Peter. Poplaski, Peter Kitchen, Denis (editor)
source: Comic Arts Collection, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
date: 1975
contributor: Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU LibrariesSpecial Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
rights: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/
relation: Learn more: Consumer Comix, Steve Krupp's Curio Shoppe Schreiner, D. (1994). Kitchen Sink Press: The First 25 Years. Northampton, MA: Kitchen Sink Enterprises. Comics on a Mission: Educational and Public Service Comics, Social Welfare History Image Portal