We Fight For Democracy, 1918 [Uncle Sam, Columbia, and Democracy]
Studio portrait of costumed figures before a sign saying "We Fight For Democracy." This photograph was taken during World War I. <br /><br />Ralph Harvie Wormley as Uncle Sam; Adeline Harmon Cowles as Columbia, Martha Jobson, as Democracy holding a ballot box. <br /><br />These young people rode in the <a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/show/189" target="_blank" title="photograph of ESL float" rel="noreferrer noopener">Equal Suffrage League float</a> during the Thrift Day Parade in Richmond, Va., March 23, 1918.<br /><br />A Foster studio photo.
Foster Studio.
M 9 Box 239, 242, <a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/279.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" title="finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">Adèle Goodman Clark papers, 1849-1978</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
1918
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/%20" target="_blank" title="rights statement" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a> <br /><br />Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.
Learn more: <br /><a href="http://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/woman-suffrage/national-woman-suffrage-association/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Woman Suffrage Association</a><span>, Social Welfare History Project</span><br /><a href="http://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/woman-suffrage/woman-suffrage-movement/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Women's Suffrage: The Movement</a><span>, Social Welfare History Project</span><br /><a href="%20http%3A//virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&d=RTD19180324.1.1&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Richmond Times-Dispatch, March 24, 1918</a>, Virginia Chronicle, Library of Virginia<br /><a href="http://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/show/166" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Woman Citizen</em>, April 20, 1920</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal <br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=War+Savings+Stamps" target="_blank" title="War Savings Stamps" rel="noreferrer noopener">War Savings Stamps</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal
The Southern Frontier, vol. 2, no. 4
<p>Published by Commission on Interracial Cooperation (CIC), <em>The Southern Frontier</em> was a monthly newsletter, first issued in January, 1940. Aiming to share the stories overlooked by traditional newspapers, the newsletter published stories of social progress, as well as stories of racial injustices faced by African Americans across the American South.</p>
<p>As described by the then President of the CIC Howard W. Odum, the name <em>The Southern Frontier </em>alludes to the need for even greater pioneering and progress in the social and cultural frontiers, the American South being the most turbulent field in reference to race relations and progress at the time.</p>
<p>Vol. 4, No. 4 contains contributions by H. Bynum</p>
<p>Selected articles are: <br /><br />“Education for Security” – An article describing the underfunded Southern school system in face of the large sums being spent on military funding for World War II. <br /><br />"An Open Letter to Eugene Talmadge (Governor of Georgia)" from <em>The Macon News</em>, regarding his veto of a state training school for African American girls. <br /><br />“`The Mind of the South’ `Lanterns on the Levee’” – Reviews of two books describing the psyche and culture of the American South.<br /><br />"Short Changed" -- an editorial cartoon from the Louisville <em>Courier-Journal</em></p>
Commission on Interracial Cooperation
<a href="https://www.austinseminary.edu/page.cfm?p=3050" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jessie Daniel Ames Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching collection, 1930-1944</a>, Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Seminary Library
1941 April
Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary Library
NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES<br /><br />The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><br />Pullen, Ann Ellis (2013). "<a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/commission-interracial-cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a>" New Georgia Encyclopedia.<br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Commission+on+Interracial+Cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal
The Southern Frontier, vol. 2, no. 3
Published by Commission on Interracial Cooperation (CIC), The Southern Frontier was a monthly newsletter, first issued in January, 1940. Aiming to share the stories overlooked by traditional newspapers, the newsletter published stories of social progress, as well as stories of racial injustices faced by African Americans across the American South. <br /><br />As described by the then President of the CIC Howard W. Odum, the name The Southern Frontier alludes to the need for even greater pioneering and progress in the social and cultural frontiers, the American South being the most turbulent field in reference to race relations and progress at the time.<br /><br />Vol. 2, No. 3 contains contributions by:<br /><br />Dr. Horace Mann Bond<br />Arthur L. Coleman<br />John Temple Graves II<br />L. R. Reynolds<br />C. H. Tobias<br />D. E. Williams<br /><br />Selected articles are: <br /><br />"The Southern Negro as a Consumer"<br /><br />“A Blurred Mirror Distorts the Image” – Dr. Horace Mann Bond, President of Fort Valley State College, speaking in Chicago on Race Relations Sunday. Bond speaks on the negative stereotypes and perception of Black people in dominant American culture and the dangers posed to the psyche of the Black community.<br /><br />“Negroes have their own News Sources” – A commentary on the value of Black newspapers and how stories are presented differently than in White newspapers
Commission on Interracial Cooperation
<a href="https://www.austinseminary.edu/page.cfm?p=3050" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jessie Daniel Ames Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching collection, 1930-1944</a>, Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Seminary Library
1941 March
Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary Library
NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES<br /><br />The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><br />Pullen, Ann Ellis (2013). "<a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/commission-interracial-cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a>" New Georgia Encyclopedia.<br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Commission+on+Interracial+Cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal
The Southern Frontier, vol. 2, no. 2
Published by Commission on Interracial Cooperation (CIC), The Southern Frontier was a monthly newsletter, first issued in January, 1940. Aiming to share the stories overlooked by traditional newspapers, the newsletter published stories of social progress, as well as stories of racial injustices faced by African Americans across the American South. <br /><br /> As described by then President of the CIC Howard W. Odum, the name <em>The Southern Frontier</em> alludes to the need for even greater pioneering and progress in the social and cultural frontiers, the American South being the most turbulent field in reference to race relations and progress at the time.<br /><br /> Vol. 2, No. 1 contains contributions by:<br /> J. W. Haywood<br /><br /> Selected articles are:<br /><br /> “The South Has a `Bottleneck’” – An article describing the South as an environment common with incidents of governmental discrimination towards black citizens, as well as acts of goodwill on the parts of individual white citizens, but that are in turn done in silence or in secrecy to avoid backlash from governing or administrating entities.<br /><br /> “Negro Soldiers Want White Commander” – An article describing a case in which a platoon of black soldiers holding resentment over being assigned a black commander. The article provides analysis of this story, one from a white southerner perspective, the other from a black southerner perspective. <br /><br />"Negroes Enter Army Aviation" discusses the formation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen" target="_blank" title="Tuskegee Airmen" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tuskegee Airmen</a>. The article notes that the (Negro) National Airmen's Association opposes segregation in the military.
Commission on Interracial Cooperation
<a href="https://www.austinseminary.edu/page.cfm?p=3050" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jessie Daniel Ames Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching collection, 1930-1944</a>, Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Seminary Library
1941 February
Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary Library
NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES<br /><br />The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><br /><a href="https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/pin-lapel-airmens-association-america" target="_blank" title="Lapel pin, Smithsonian, NASM" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lapel pin</a>, Airmen's Association of America, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian<br /><br />Pullen, Ann Ellis (2013). "<a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/commission-interracial-cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a>" New Georgia Encyclopedia.<br /><br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Commission+on+Interracial+Cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal
The Southern Frontier, vol. 2, no. 1
Published by Commission on Interracial Cooperation (CIC), The Southern Frontier was a monthly newsletter, first issued in January, 1940. Aiming to share the stories overlooked by traditional newspapers, the newsletter published stories of social progress, as well as stories of racial injustices faced by African Americans across the American South. <br /><br />As described by then President of the CIC Howard W. Odum, the name <em>The Southern Frontier</em> alludes to the need for even greater pioneering and progress in the social and cultural frontiers, the American South being the most turbulent field in reference to race relations and progress at the time.<br /><br />Vol. 2, No. 1 contains contributions by:<br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Jessie+Daniel+Ames" target="_blank" title="materials related to Jessie Daniel Ames" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jessie Daniel Ames</a><br /><br />Selected articles are:<br /><br />"Negroes Make Progress--Many 'Firsts' in 1940"<br /><br />“Hot Spots Develop In Three States” – An article about high racial tensions in Memphis, TN; Dallas, TX; and Georgetown, SC, and how the general public, city governments, and police departments are responding.<br /><br />“What is a Lynching?” – An article describing a December 14, 1940 conference held at Tuskegee Institute in which a definition of lynching was accepted as needing “legal evidence that a person has been killed and that he met his death illegally at the hands of a group acting under the pretext of service to justice, race or tradition.” <br /><br />"Lynching Map of the United States for the Past Decade" <br /><br />"Why We Lynched--1940" notes the reasons for various lynchings in the South.<br /><br />An article on page 4 notes the unequal salaries of black and white teachers and school administrators in Virginia. "In the City of Richmond, the salaries of Negro principals of Negro high schools and elementary schools are a little more than one-half of the salaries paid to white high school principals--while white principals of Negro schools are paid approximately one-third more than Negro principals."<br /><br />"Negroes Refused Correspondence Courses" describes how the Texas Attorney General has rulled against black citizens who wished to take correspondence classes at whites-only schools.
Commission on Interracial Cooperation
<a href="https://www.austinseminary.edu/page.cfm?p=3050" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jessie Daniel Ames Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching collection, 1930-1944</a>, Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Seminary Library
1941 January
Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary Library
NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES<br /><br />The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><br />Ames, J. (1938). <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2745056" target="_blank" title="Editorial Treatment of Lynchings" rel="noreferrer noopener">Editorial Treatment of Lynchings</a>. <i>The Public Opinion Quarterly,</i><span> <i>2</i><span>(1), 77-84. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2745056 <br /><br />Waldrep, C. (2000). <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2587438" target="_blank" title="War of Words" rel="noreferrer noopener">War of Words: The Controversy over the Definition of Lynching, 1899-1940</a>. <i>The Journal of Southern History,</i> <i>66</i>(1), 75-100. doi:10.2307/2587438 <br /><br />Pullen, Ann Ellis (2013). "<a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/commission-interracial-cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a>" New Georgia Encyclopedia.<br /><br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Commission+on+Interracial+Cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal</span></span>
Let the people VOTE to end gerrymandering. [bumper sticker]
Bumper sticker created by <a href="https://www.onevirginia2021.org/" target="_blank" title="organization's website" rel="noreferrer noopener">OneVirginia2021</a>, an American civic non-profit organization founded to advocate for a non-partisan redistricting of the Commonwealth of Virginia. <br /><br />Formed in 2014, OneVirginia2021 is made up of people from across the political spectrum, including Republicans, Democrats, and TEA party members.<br /><br />Sticker text: Let the People VOTE to END GERRYMANDERING. OneVirginia2021.org
OneVirginia2021
Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries
Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries
IN COPYRIGHT<br /><br /> This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br />Miller, G. (2018). <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/history/the-map-that-popularised-the-word-gerrymander.aspx" target="_blank" title="story about 1812 origins of the word gerrymander" rel="noreferrer noopener">The map that popularised the word 'Gerrymander.'</a> <em>National Geographic </em>(November 6, 2018). <br />Ingraham, C. (2015, March 1). <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/03/01/this-is-the-best-explanation-of-gerrymandering-you-will-ever-see/?utm_term=.8e9429f2a1c7" target="_blank" title="Wonkblog post" rel="noreferrer noopener">This is the best explanation of gerrymandering you will ever see</a>. <em>The Washington Post</em>.<br /><em><a href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1960/6" target="_blank" title="Supreme Court case" rel="noreferrer noopener">Baker v. Carr</a></em>, 1962. <br /><a href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1963/23" target="_blank" title="Supreme Court case information" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Reynolds v. Sims</em></a>, 1964. <br /><a href="https://www.npr.org/2019/06/06/730260511/redistricting-gurus-hard-drives-could-mean-legal-political-woes-for-gop" target="_blank" title="Redistricting guru's hard drives could mean legal, political woes for GOP" rel="noreferrer noopener">Redistricting guru's hard drives could mean legal, political woes for GOP</a> (2019, June 6), <em>National Public Radio. </em><br /><a href="https://www.onevirginia2021.org/" target="_blank" title="Organization website" rel="noreferrer noopener">One Virginia 2021</a>, organization website<em><br /></em>
Vote. [League of Women Voters poster by Louis Bonhajo]
Poster shows a muse-like figure pointing towards the Capitol as a woman deposits her ballot into a locked ballot box. The voting woman holds the hand of a small female child dressed in pink.<br /><br />Poster text: "VOTE / League of Women Voters" <br /><br /><span>Printed by Erie Litho & Ptg Co.<br />Illustration by Louis Valentine Bonhajo (1885-1970) </span>
League of Women Voters
M 9 Box 233 f7, <a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/279.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" title="finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">Adèle Goodman Clark papers, 1849-1978</a> (location Oversize Ephemera Material in Map Drawer #23), James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
1920
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES<br />The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a> <br /><br />Acknowledgment of Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.
I support voting districts for Virginians, not politicians. [tote bag]
Blue tote bag with white lettering reading "I support Voting districts for Virginians, not politicians." The OneVirginia2021 logo appears in the center with the words "For Fair Redistricting. OneVirginia2021.org" <br /><br />OneVirginia2021 is an American civic non-profit organization founded to advocate for a non-partisan redistricting of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Formed in 2014, OneVirginia2021 is made up of people from across the political spectrum, including Republicans, Democrats, and TEA party members. <br /><br />Gerrymandering is the practice of setting the boundaries of electoral districts to favor specific political interests. The redrawing of district lines takes place after each new U. S. Census to ensure that the "one person one vote" requirement is met. <br /><br />Partisan gerrymandering works to increase the power of a political party. Racial gerrymandering weakens representation, and therefore the political power, of minority voters.
OneVirginia2021
Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries
Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries
IN COPYRIGHT<br /><br /> This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br />Miller, G. (2018). <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/history/the-map-that-popularised-the-word-gerrymander.aspx" target="_blank" title="story about 1812 origins of the word gerrymander" rel="noreferrer noopener">The map that popularised the word 'Gerrymander.'</a> <em>National Geographic </em>(November 6, 2018). <br /><br />Ingraham, C. (2015, March 1). <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/03/01/this-is-the-best-explanation-of-gerrymandering-you-will-ever-see/?utm_term=.8e9429f2a1c7" target="_blank" title="Wonkblog post" rel="noreferrer noopener">This is the best explanation of gerrymandering you will ever see</a>. <em>The Washington Post</em>.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1960/6" target="_blank" title="Supreme Court case" rel="noreferrer noopener">Baker</a><em><a href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1960/6" target="_blank" title="Supreme Court case" rel="noreferrer noopener"> v. Carr</a></em>, 1962. <br /><br /><a href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1963/23" target="_blank" title="Supreme Court case information" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Reynolds v. Sims</em></a>, 1964. <br /><br /><a href="https://www.npr.org/2019/06/06/730260511/redistricting-gurus-hard-drives-could-mean-legal-political-woes-for-gop" target="_blank" title="Redistricting guru's hard drives could mean legal, political woes for GOP" rel="noreferrer noopener">Redistricting guru's hard drives could mean legal, political woes for GOP</a> (2019, June 6), <em>National Public Radio. <br /></em><br /><a href="https://www.onevirginia2021.org/" target="_blank" title="Organization website" rel="noreferrer noopener">One Virginia 2021</a>, organization website
End Gerrymandering Now! [pinback button]
Pinback button created by OneVirginia2021, an American civic non-profit organization founded to advocate for a non-partisan redistricting of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Formed in 2014, OneVirginia2021 is made up of people from across the political spectrum, including Republicans, Democrats, and TEA party members. <br /><br />Gerrymandering is the practice of setting the boundaries of electoral districts to favor specific political interests. The redrawing of district lines takes place after each new U. S. Census to ensure that the "one person one vote" requirement is met. <br /><br />Partisan gerrymandering works to increase the power of a political party. Racial gerrymandering weakens representation, and therefore the political power, of minority voters.
OneVirginia2021
Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries
Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries
IN COPYRIGHT<br /><br /> This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br />Miller, G. (2018). <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/history/the-map-that-popularised-the-word-gerrymander.aspx" target="_blank" title="story about 1812 origins of the word gerrymander" rel="noreferrer noopener">The map that popularised the word 'Gerrymander.'</a> <em>National Geographic </em>(November 6, 2018). <br /><br />Ingraham, C. (2015, March 1). <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/03/01/this-is-the-best-explanation-of-gerrymandering-you-will-ever-see/?utm_term=.8e9429f2a1c7" target="_blank" title="Wonkblog post" rel="noreferrer noopener">This is the best explanation of gerrymandering you will ever see</a>. <em>The Washington Post</em>.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1960/6" target="_blank" title="Supreme Court case" rel="noreferrer noopener">Baker</a><em><a href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1960/6" target="_blank" title="Supreme Court case" rel="noreferrer noopener"> v. Carr</a></em>, 1962. <br /><br /><a href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1963/23" target="_blank" title="Supreme Court case information" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Reynolds v. Sims</em></a>, 1964. <br /><br /><a href="https://www.npr.org/2019/06/06/730260511/redistricting-gurus-hard-drives-could-mean-legal-political-woes-for-gop" target="_blank" title="Redistricting guru's hard drives could mean legal, political woes for GOP" rel="noreferrer noopener">Redistricting guru's hard drives could mean legal, political woes for GOP</a> (2019, June 6), <em>National Public Radio. </em><br /><br /><a href="https://www.onevirginia2021.org/" target="_blank" title="Organization website" rel="noreferrer noopener">One Virginia 2021</a>, organization website<em><br /></em>
Free Our Districts! End Gerrymandering. [bumper sticker]
Bumper sticker created by <a href="https://www.onevirginia2021.org/" target="_blank" title="OneVirginia2021.org" rel="noreferrer noopener">OneVirginia2021</a>, an American civic non-profit organization founded to advocate for a non-partisan redistricting of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Formed in 2014, OneVirginia2021 is made up of people from across the political spectrum, including Republicans, Democrats, and TEA party members. <br /><br />Sticker text: "Free Our Districts! End Gerrymandering. Authorized by the good people at OneVirginia2021 who are trying to stop politicians from rigging the system."<br /><br />Gerrymandering is the practice of setting the boundaries of electoral districts to favor specific political interests. The redrawing of district lines takes place after each new U. S. Census to ensure that the "one person one vote" requirement is met. <br /><br />Partisan gerrymandering works to increase the power of a political party. Racial gerrymandering weakens representation, and therefore the political power, of minority voters.
OneVirginia2021
Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries
Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries
IN COPYRIGHT<br /><br /> This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br />Miller, G. (2018). <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/history/the-map-that-popularised-the-word-gerrymander.aspx" target="_blank" title="story about 1812 origins of the word gerrymander" rel="noreferrer noopener">The map that popularised the word 'Gerrymander.'</a> <em>National Geographic </em>(November 6, 2018). <br />Ingraham, C. (2015, March 1). <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/03/01/this-is-the-best-explanation-of-gerrymandering-you-will-ever-see/?utm_term=.8e9429f2a1c7" target="_blank" title="Wonkblog post" rel="noreferrer noopener">This is the best explanation of gerrymandering you will ever see</a>. <em>The Washington Post</em>.<br /><em><a href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1960/6" target="_blank" title="Supreme Court case" rel="noreferrer noopener">Baker v. Carr</a></em>, 1962. <br /><a href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1963/23" target="_blank" title="Supreme Court case information" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Reynolds v. Sims</em></a>, 1964. <br /><a href="https://www.npr.org/2019/06/06/730260511/redistricting-gurus-hard-drives-could-mean-legal-political-woes-for-gop" target="_blank" title="Redistricting guru's hard drives could mean legal, political woes for GOP" rel="noreferrer noopener">Redistricting guru's hard drives could mean legal, political woes for GOP</a> (2019, June 6), <em>National Public Radio. </em><br /><a href="https://www.onevirginia2021.org/" target="_blank" title="Organization website" rel="noreferrer noopener">One Virginia 2021</a>, organization website<em><br /></em>
Report of the President's Commission on Registration and Voting Participation, November 1963
Report of the President's Commission on Registration and Voting Participation. The bipartisan commission was created by Executive Order on March 30, 1963 by President John F. Kennedy. The Commission was chaired by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Scammon" target="_blank" title="Wikipedia article" rel="noreferrer noopener">Richard M. Scammon</a>, Census Director. <br /><br />The report was transmitted on November 26, 1963, just days after Kennedy's assassination. In February, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson mailed this report along with a <a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/show/475" target="_blank" title="read the accompanying letter from President Johnson" rel="noreferrer noopener">letter to Eleanor P. Sheppard</a>, Mayor of Richmond, Virginia. <br /><br />In its opening summary, the Commission wrote: <br /><br />"One-third of our adults do not vote in presidential elections, and more than half do not vote in congressional elections. The reasons for America's low voter participation are both psychological and legal. <br /><br />Psychological causes of low turnout must be attacked by education and educational programs. Every citizen and group has a responsibility to join in this effort. <br /><br />The Commission endorses the practice of comprehensive register-and-vote campaigns to encourage and inform potential voters. We specifically call for a new effort by our schools in the teaching of citizenship, and we underscore the great responsibility of parents in citizenship education. <br /><br />The Commission strongly believes that effective two-party competition in all areas of the Nation will build and maintain interest in public affairs and lead to greater voter participation. We commend the two party system and all efforts to strengthen that system. <br /><br />Restrictive legal and administrative procedures in registration and voting disfranchise millions. To overcome such restrictions, taking into account the disparity in law and practice amont the States, we recommend the following specific standards: <br /><br />[Twenty-one standards are listed, including the elimination of literacy tests and poll taxes and the extension of voting to persons eighteen years of age.] <br /><br />The implementation of these standards will guarantee the right to vote to every citizen, adduring in fact what we proclain in theory--the supremacy of the individual in American political life." <br /><br /><a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d029875154&view=1up&seq=3" target="_blank" title="read the report" rel="noreferrer noopener">Complete report</a> available through HathiTrust.
President's Commission on Registration and Voting Participation
M 277, Box 11, <a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/591.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" title="finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eleanor P. Sheppard papers, 1924 - 1978</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office
1963 November
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES<br /><br />The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a> <br /><br />Acknowledgment of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.
Learn more: <br /><a href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHP/1963/Month%2005/Day%2008/JFKWHP-1963-05-08-D" target="_blank" title="Photographs" rel="noreferrer noopener">Visit of the Commission on Registration & Voting Participation, 12:25PM</a>, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum <br /><br />Papers of John F. Kennedy. Presidential Papers. White House Staff Files of Lee C. White. General File, 1954-1964. <a href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHSFLCW/003/JFKWHSFLCW-003-002" target="_blank" title="archival materials" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Registration and Voting Participation, 23 April 1963-30 March 1964</a><br /><br /><span>Papers of John F. Kennedy. Presidential Papers. White House Staff Files of Lee C. White. General File, 1954-1964. <a href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHSFLCW/003/JFKWHSFLCW-003-001" target="_blank" title="archival materials, 1962-1963" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Registration and Voting Participation, 21 December 1962–30 March 1963</a> <br /><br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/show/475" target="_blank" title="Letter to Mayor Sheppard from President Johnson" rel="noreferrer noopener">Letter to Eleanor P. Sheppard from Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, February 10, 1964</span>
Letter to Eleanor P. Sheppard from Lyndon B. Johnson, February 10, 1964
Letter to the Honorable Eleanor P. Sheppard, Mayor of Richmond, Virginia from President Lyndon Baines Johnson. February 10, 1964. <br /><br />This letter accompanied the President's Commission on Registration and Voting Participation "<a href="President's%20Commission%20on%20Registration%20and%20Voting%20Participation" target="_blank" title="Report of the Commission" rel="noreferrer noopener">Report on Registration and Voting Participation</a>." <br /><br />Text:<br />The White House<br />Washington<br />February 10, 1964<br /><br />Dear Mayor Sheppard: <br /><br />Less than two thirds of Americans of voting age cast ballots in Presidential elections. Less than one half vote in Congressional elections. <br /><br />This is a serious void in our free society. <br /><br />Last March President Kennedy appointed a bipartisan Commission on Registration and Voting Particpation. Its task was to study the causes of nonvoting and to recommend remedies. After careful study this Commission has presented its report and I send one to you. <br /><br />More interest in voting can be stressed by local efforts. May I suggest that you might want to consider the appointment of a citizens committee to investigate possible restrictions to reistration and voting -- and to promote greater voter participation in the 1964 elections. <br /><br />At a time when people all over the world cry out for the right to vote, too many of our citizens neglect to use this most precious of all citizen privileges. Our states and our cities, by improving voting laws and voting practices, can help produce increased voting interest by all the people. <br /><br />Kindly give me a report on the situation in your city. <br /><br />Sincerely, <br /><br />Lyndon B. Johnson
Johnson, Lyndon B.
M 277, Box 11, <a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/591.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" title="finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eleanor P. Sheppard papers, 1924 - 1978</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
1964 February 10
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
NO KNOWN COPYRIGHT<br /><br />The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/</a> <br /><br />Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.
Learn more: <br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Voting" target="_blank" title="primary sources related to voting in the United States" rel="noreferrer noopener">Voting</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal <br /><br />Discovery Set: Controlling the Vote, Social Welfare History Image Portal <br /><br /><a href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHP/1963/Month%2005/Day%2008/JFKWHP-1963-05-08-D" target="_blank" title="Photographs" rel="noreferrer noopener">Visit of the Commission on Registration & Voting Participation, 12:25PM</a>, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum <br /><br />Papers of John F. Kennedy. Presidential Papers. White House Staff Files of Lee C. White. General File, 1954-1964. <a href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHSFLCW/003/JFKWHSFLCW-003-002" target="_blank" title="archival materials" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Registration and Voting Participation, 23 April 1963-30 March 1964</a><br /><br /><span>Papers of John F. Kennedy. Presidential Papers. White House Staff Files of Lee C. White. General File, 1954-1964. <a href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHSFLCW/003/JFKWHSFLCW-003-001" target="_blank" title="archival materials, 1962-1963" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Registration and Voting Participation, 21 December 1962–30 March 1963</a></span>
Pilgrimage of Prayer for Public Schools, January 1, 1959 [broadside]
Broadside advertising A Pilgrimage of Prayer for Public Schools, January 1, 1959 in Richmond, Va. At this event, organizers played a seven-minute pre-recorded message from Dr. King. A <a href="The%20Martin%20Luther%20King,%20Jr.%20Research%20and%20Education%20Institute" target="_blank" title="transcription of Walker's letter to Dr. King" rel="noreferrer noopener">description of the event</a> by Wyatt Tee Walker as reported to Dr. King is available online. More than 1,500 people attended. <br /><br />Text: <br />Martin Luther King joins your Religious and Civic Leaders in Urging All Virginians to Come to Richmond in A Pilgrimage For Public Schools on EMANCIPATION DAY January 1, 1959. <br /><br />You will assemble at THE MOSQUE Laurel and Main Streets promptly at 2:30 P.M. <br /><br />"Let us not deceive ourselves! We have among us politicians who will not hesitate to CLOSE ALL PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN VIRGINIA. We must demonstrate to Virginia and the nation by our presence and action that we will not tolerate this crime against Virginia's children." --Dr. Philip Y. Wyatt <br /><br />WHICH WILL IT BE? Free Eduation? or Closed Schools? <br /><br />"Only through the preservation of a free, desegregated public school system can a people be fully emancipated from the shackles of prejudice and inequality. American democracy itself is at stake. This is your pilgrimage." --The Rev. Wyatt Tee Walker
M 306 Box 2, folder 8, <a href="https://archives.library.vcu.edu/repositories/5/resources/145" target="_blank" title="finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">Richmond Crusade for Voters collection</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU LIbraries
1959
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
COPYRIGHT UNDETERMINED<br /><br />The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><br /><a href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/wyatt-tee-walker-1#ftnref6" target="_blank" title="Transcription of letter" rel="noreferrer noopener">Text of letter from Wyatt Tee Walker, pastor of Gillfield Baptist Church in Petersburg, to Martin Luther King, Jr.</a> reporting on a 1 January Prayer Pilgrimage to protest the efforts of Virginia officials to block public school integration. Stanford University, The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute. <br /><br /><a href="https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/11237274" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leaflet. Passive Resisance to Massive Resistance</a>. Leaflet with photographs of the Prayer Pilgrimage. Digital Collections. Yale University Library.<br /><br /><div><a href="http://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/brown/pilgrimage.htm" target="_blank" title="Program for the Pilgrimage of Prayer in Richmond, VA" rel="noreferrer noopener">Program, Pilgrimage of Prayer for Public Schools, January 1, 1959.</a> Library of Virginia.<br /><br /></div>
<a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=massive+resistance" target="_blank" title="Massive resistance materials" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massive resistance</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Massive_Resistance" target="_blank" title="Massive resistance" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massive resistance</a>, <em>Encyclopedia Virginia. <br /></em><br /><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/23/obituaries/wyatt-tee-walker-dead.html" target="_blank" title="NYT Obituary" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wyatt Tee Walker, Dr. King's Strategist and a Harlem Leader, Dies at 88</a>, <em>The New York Times. <br /></em><br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Martin+Luther+King+Jr." target="_blank" title="items related to MLK, Jr." rel="noreferrer noopener">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal.
Virginia State Board of Elections Bulletin No. 29, May 22, 1958 [blank sheet voter registration]
Bulletin No. 29 addressed To ALL REGISTRARS OF VIRGINIA. Stamped in red "Important Read Carefully." <br /><br />Excerpts: <br /><br />The 1958 session of the General Assembly made several changes in the Election Laws of Virginia stressing the duties of the registrars and the procedure to be followed by all the registrars throughout the State in registering applicants who are eligible to have their names placed on the registration books in order that a uniform system will be stictly adherred to. <br /><br />If each registrar will follow the procedure whih is outlined below, step by step, in registering voters, we believe he will be fully meeting the requirements of the new law. <br /><br />1. Every person applying for registration should be furnished one of the Information Sheets, Form No. 1, which we have printed and are furnishing each registrar, containing the pertinenet provisions of Chapter 576 of the Acts of the 1958 General Assembly and Section 20 of the Constitution of Virginia. <br /><br />2. The registrar shall furnish the applicant a sheet of paper containing no written or printed data; in other words, just a blank sheet of paper for the applicant to supply in his own handwriting the information required by Section 20 of the Constitution and Section 24-68 of the Code, which is as follows: <br /><br />1. Name of applicant. <br />2. Age of applicant. <br />3. Date of applicant's birth. <br />4. Place of applicant's birth. <br />5. Residence of applicant at the time application is made. <br />6. Residence of applicant for one year next preceding the making of the application. <br />7. Occupation of applicant at the time application is made. <br />8. Occupation of applicant for one year next preceding the making of the application. <br />9. Whether applicant has previously voted. <br />10. If applicant has previously voted, the State, County and precinct in which applicant last voted. <br /><br />While making his application for registration, which must be done in the presence of the registrar, the applicant shall not be permitted to refer to any pamphlet, booklet or other memorandum, printed or written, nor to discuss with any person any matter concerning the requirements necessary in order to register other than the provisions of Section 20 of the Constitution and Section 24-68 of the Code which we have printed for his use on Form No. 1. If an applicant makes application in his or her own handwriting, and without aid, suggestion or memorandum, other than the right to refer to the pertinent provisions of the Code and the Constitution, then such applicant has satisfied the requirements of the law, so far as a written application is required.
Commonwealth of Virginia, State Board of Elections
M 306 Box 2, folder 6, <a href="https://archives.library.vcu.edu/repositories/5/resources/145" target="_blank" title="finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">Richmond Crusade for Voters collection</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU LIbraries
1958 May 22
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES <br /><br />The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a><br /><br />Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.
Learn more: <br /><a href="https://progressive.org/dispatches/nurturing-roots-90for90-black-political-power/" target="_blank" title="Nurturing the Roots: 90for90 and Black Political Power" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nurturing the Roots: 90for90 and Black Political Power.</a> The Progressive, July 15, 2016.
You've got it...USE IT! [Richmond Crusade for Voters flyer]
Richmond Crusade for Voters flyer. A hand brings down a heavy hammer that says VOTE, and breaks a chain. <br /><br />Text: <br />you've got it...USE IT! <br /><br />Votes mean FREEDOM. Register and vote<br />Votes mean EQUALITY. Register and vote<br />Votes mean first-class citizenship. Register and vote. <br />Votes mean better schools, better jobs, better housing. Register and vote <br />USE YOUR VOTE TO WIN YOUR RIGHTS<br />To Vote in November, you must REGISTER NOW!
M 306 Box 2, folder 8, <a href="https://archives.library.vcu.edu/repositories/5/resources/145" target="_blank" title="finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">Richmond Crusade for Voters collection</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU LIbraries
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
COPYRIGHT UNDETERMINED<br /><br /> The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br />Komp, C. (2017, October 26). <a href="https://ideastations.org/radio/news/lasting-legacy-richmond-crusade-voters" target="_blank" title="Richmond Crusade for Voters" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Lasting Legacy of the Richmond Crusade for Voters.</a> Community Idea Stations. <br />Matthews, K. A. (2017). The Richmond Crusade for Voters. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing.
Letter from John M. Brooks to Medgar W. Evers, May 20, 1958 [carbon copy]
Carbon copy of letter from John M. Brooks, Director of Voter Registration, Virginia NAACP to Medgar W. Evers, Field Secretary, Mississippi NAACP. Sent 20 May 1958 in response to Evers' letter of 15 May 1958. <br /><br />Text: <br /><br />Mr. Medgar W. Evers <br />1072 Lynch Street <br />Jackson, Mississippi <br /><br />Dear Medgar: <br /><br />Your letter was a real pick up for me...keep up the good work. I am sending a letter of congratulations to the Meridian group from this office. <br /><br />I hope your Jackson meeting will be as good as the one in Meridian. Don't fail to call on me for any help needed. <br /><br />Sincerely yours,<br />John M. Brooks <br />NAACP Registration Director<br /><br />JMB/eww
Brooks, John M.
M 296, Box 2, <a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/577.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" title="finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">John Mitchell Brooks Collection of NAACP Files 1957-1978</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
20 May 1958
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
COPYRIGHT UNDETERMINED<br /><br />The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><a href="https://snccdigital.org/people/medgar-evers/" target="_blank" title="Medgar Evers" rel="noreferrer noopener">Medgar Evers</a>, SNCC Digital Gateway
Letter from Medgar W. Evers to John M. Brooks, May 15, 1958
Letter from Medgar W. Evers, Field Secretary, Mississippi NAACP to John M. Brooks, Director, Voter Registration, Virginia NAACP. Dated May 15, 1958, the letter is an update on the progress of voter registration efforts in Mississippi. <br /><br />Text: <br />Mr. Johnnie M. Brooks <br />Director, Registration and Voting <br />404 1/2 North Second Street <br />Richmond, Virginia <br /><br />Dear Mr. Brooks:<br /><br />On last night, May 14, I attended the third successful meeting of the "Crusade for Voters" in Meridian, Mississippi. It is amazing how the enthusiasm that was generated in the first two meetings has continued. It is definitely an encouraging sign. At last night's meeting there were represented persons from six of the seven presincts in Meridian, Mississippi, also representatives from two of the county supervisory districts. At this meeting we set up temporary precinct machinery and indications are that within the next two weeks the precinct organizations will be a reality. <br /><br />The list of qualified Negro voters is in the process of being secured, also maps setting forth the boundaries of the various precincts. I do feel personally that in Meridian we are getting off to a very good start. <br /><br />Tonight is Jackson's night. I shall report ot you on its progress later. <br /><br />We had at last night's meeting approximately forty persons, more or less. <br /><br />Sincerely yours, <br />Medgar W. Evers<br />Field Secretary
Evers, Medgar W.
M 296, Box 2, <a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/577.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" title="finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">John Mitchell Brooks Collection of NAACP Files 1957-1978</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
1958 May 15
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
COPYRIGHT UNDETERMINED<br /><br />The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><a href="https://snccdigital.org/people/medgar-evers/" target="_blank" title="more information about Medgar Evers" rel="noreferrer noopener">Medgar Evers</a>, SNCC Digital Gateway
Letter from John M. Brooks, NAACP Registration Director to voter registration activists, Mississippi, July 7, 1958
Letter of encouragement from John M. Brooks, NAACP Registration Director following a meeting he attended in Mississippi. <br /><br />Text -- <br />Dear Friend: <br /><br />My meeting with you in Mississippi was an inspiration to me. It proved my belief that, "if people are given a clear picture of the voting situation, they will cooperate". <br /><br />The people in Meridian and Jackson are well on their way toward increasing their voting strength and becoming first-class citizens. Your future activities will tell what Y O U are going to do in your city. Talk to your neighbors and invite them to join your group. A large attendance will be an inspiration to all concerned. <br /><br />It is my sincere hope that your organization will be a guiding light for other communities all over Mississippi to follow. IT CAN BE DONE would be the wrong words to us, IT WILL BE DONE because of Y O U.<br /><br />Sincerely yours, <br />John M. Brooks<br />NAACP Registration Director
Brooks, John M.
M 296, Box 2, <a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/577.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" title="finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">John Mitchell Brooks Collection of NAACP Files 1957-1978</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
1958 July 7
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
COPYRIGHT UNDETERMINED<br /><br />The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Voting" target="_blank" title="items related to voting; see also "voting rights"" rel="noreferrer noopener">Voting</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal
Letter to H. D. Dillard from Martin L. Calhoun, Alabama Male Association Opposed to Woman's Suffrage [typed letter, signed]
Letter from Martin L. Calhoun, Secretary Treasurer of the Alabama Male Association Opposed to Woman's Suffrage dated 15 August 1919. <br /><br />The letter was sent to the Hon. H. D. Dillard (of Franklin County, Va.), General Assembly, Richmond, Va. <br /><br />Calhoun is opposed to the Fifteenth Amendment (which prohibits the federal government and each state from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude") and the ratification of the proposed "Anthony Amendment" (which would become the Nineteenth Amendment). The letter associates woman suffrage, African American suffrage, and socialism. <br /><br /><br />The organization's platform is printed on this letterhead near the top of the page. <br /><br />"Platform:--The Alabama Male Association Opposed to Woman's Suffrage--<br />Stands for HOME and NATIONAL DEFENSE aggainst Woman's Suffrage, Feminismand Socialism. For MAN-POWER in Government, believing that Democracy must be STRONG to be SAFE. For the PRESERVATION of the established foundations of the American Republic as a Model for the World. For the RECOGNITION and ENFORCEMENT of the INHERENT RIGHT of EACH STATE to control the question of Woman's Suffrage for ITSELF. For EFFICIENCY and PROGRESS without Waste and Duplication in Government. For the CONSERVATION of the BEST WOMANHOOD of all conditions and stations in life, along NON-PARTISAN lines, so that the interests of Womanhood, Childhood and Civilization may be advanced FREE from the strife and division of politics, factions and parties. For the retention of the BEST IDEALS of the past, adapted to the advantages and opportunities given women under modern conditions, so that the FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES of Morality, of Patriotism and of World Progress may be more firmly established in the present and future generations."<br /><br />Excerpt of letter text:<br />"Susan B. Anthony was instrumental in securing the Fifteenth Article to the Federal Constitution, the adoption of which has always stood as a blot on the escutchen of our Country. Her purpose and intent was to further humiliate and oppress the then down trodden South. This in itself should condemn her namesake in the heart of every true Southerner. <br /><br />We are calling upon all the Southern States to REJECT [handwritten in margin "(it now)"] her namesake and if we can get the twelve Southern States to the two which have rejected - Georgia and Alabama - we can bury Old Susan where she belongs. <br /><br />If we, of the South, surrender our control of suffrage to the Federal Government we should not complain of the Fifteenth Amendment or what may follow under the adoption of the Anthony Amendment, for we would be traitors to that grand martyr of your State- Robert E. Lee and we are not worthy of our sires."
Calhoun, Martin L.
M 9 Box 51, <a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/279.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Adèle Goodman Clark papers, 1849-1978</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
1919 August 15
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
NO KNOWN COPYRIGHT <br /><br />The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/</a><br /><br />Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.
Learn more: <br /><a href="https://www.docsteach.org/documents/document/alabama-opposition-suffrage" target="_blank" title="Letter from the Alabama Male Association Opposed to Woman's Suffrage" rel="noreferrer noopener">Letter from the Alabama Male Association Opposed to Woman's Suffrage</a>, DocsTeach, National Archives
Equal Suffrage League of Richmond, Va., February, 1915
Equal Suffrage League of Richmond, Va. in front of Washington Monument, Capitol Square, Richmond. The members of the ESL were promoting the suffrage film, "<a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/woman-suffrage/your-girl-and-mine-suffrage-film/" target="_blank" title="story of this photograph and the film" rel="noreferrer noopener">Your Girl and Mine.</a>" <br /><br />Photo published in <a href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045389/1915-02-28/ed-1/seq-42/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>The Times-Dispatch</em>: Richmond, Va., February 28, 1915, p. 10</a> <br /><br /><p>Members of the Equal Suffrage League photographed that day:</p>
<p>(left to right in car) Mrs. G. Harvey Clarke (<a href="http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.asp?b=Clarke_Mary_Ellen_Pollard&_ga=2.175183970.1173708905.1558717188-1276624888.1558717188" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mary Ellen Pollard Clarke</a>), Mrs. Roy Knight Flannagan (<a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/93140564/lucy-catesby-flannagan" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lucy Catesby Jones Flannagan</a>),<span> </span><a href="http://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/items/show/94" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nora Houston</a>, Mrs. John Grant Armistead (<a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/40540426/rosalie-fontaine-armistead" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rosalie Fontaine Jones Armistead</a>), Mrs.<span> </span><a href="http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.asp?b=Taylor_Alice_Overbey&_ga=2.185137257.1173708905.1558717188-1276624888.1558717188" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alice Overbey Taylor</a>, Mrs. Della E. Hooker (widow of J. W. Hooker), Mrs. Charles Vivian Meredith (<a href="https://richmondmagazine.com/news/features/richmond-suffragist-sophie-meredith/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sophie “Posie” Meredith</a>), Mrs. Georgia May Johnson (identified on photo as Mrs. Frank L. Johnson; perhaps Mrs.<span> </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hmQ9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=francis+l+johnson+old+dominion+coal+corp&source=bl&ots=bETL0B_lEw&sig=ACfU3U2hYihe-aIG6jsYMAGaLf5lrnXvnw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi79tSa99fiAhUj1lkKHRjKDOsQ6AEwAHoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=francis%20l%20johnson%20old%20dominion%20coal%20corp&f=false" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Francis L. Johnson</a>)</p>
<p>(left to right outside car)<span> </span><a href="https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=vcu-cab/vircu00102.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Adèle Clark</a>, Mrs. Archer Gracchus Jones (<a href="http://www.thepoeblog.org/museum-recreates-poes-richmond/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Annie Boyd Jones</a>), Mrs. John Garland Pollard (<a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/37651927/grace-pollard" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Grace Phillips Pollard</a>), Mrs. Carter Wormeley (<a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/19513230/sarah-wormeley" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sarah Harvie Wormeley</a>), Mrs. Earnest Meade (<a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/93376565/aline-jennings-mead" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aline Jennings Mead</a>(e),<span> </span><a href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29082011/visitors_at_wedding_of_aline_jennings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mrs. Earnest C. B. Meade</a>),<span> </span><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/57096212/lynda-mcclanahan-vaughan" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lynda McCalanahan Koiner</a>, Mrs.<span> </span><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/15612088/james-stuart-reynolds" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Stuart Reynolds</a><span> </span>(<a href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/2006/09/the-boogie-and-ginnie-double-act/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Virginia “Boogie” Dickinson Reynolds</a>), Mrs. W. Hill Urquhart (<a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/20794946/dorothy-gordon-urquhart" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dorothy Gordon Tait Urquhart</a>), Mrs. W. W. Foster (<a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/147546190/carrie-palmore-foster" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carrie Palmore Hughes Foster</a>)</p>
M 9 Box 242, <a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/279.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" title="finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">Adèle Goodman Clark papers, 1849-1978</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
1915 February
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
NO KNOWN COPYRIGHT<br /><br />The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/</a><br /><br />Acknowledgement of VCU Libraries as a source is requested.
Learn more: <br />Campbell, A.W. (2019). <a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/woman-suffrage/your-girl-and-mine-suffrage-film/" target="_blank" title="Your Girl and Mine (suffrage film)" rel="noreferrer noopener">Your Girl and Mine (suffrage film)</a>, Social Welfare History Project <br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Equal+Suffrage+League" target="_blank" title="Equal Suffrage League" rel="noreferrer noopener">Equal Suffrage League</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal
Virginia Federation of Labor Convention Badge. Bristol, Va., April 3, 4, 5, 1922
Virginia Federation of Labor delegate's convention badge. Delegates represented local unions at the state gathering. <br /><br /><span>The Virginia Federation of Labor was aligned with the <a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/show/228" target="_blank" title="AFL Song" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Federation of Labor</a>, the powerful organization of unions led by Samuel Gompers. Although southern workers struggled to organize successfully in large numbers, unions nonetheless became a force. Between 1885 and 1890, according to one historian, twenty-three national or international unions organized locals in Virginia. Another scholar estimates that by the turn of the twentieth century, about 10% of Richmond’s industrial workers were represented by unions. That success was tempered, however, by the pervasive racism of the period. <br /><br />When the Knights of Labor held a national convention in Richmond in 1886, the New York delegation was refused accommodations because one of their members was an African American. By 1919 progress in racial cooperation had been made at the national level. That progress was reflected at the Virginia State Federation of Labor’s annual convention, in the same year, in Alexandria. W.H. Page, of Newport News, became the first African American to be appointed to the Virginia group’s executive council. Black labor leaders, and black newspapers, praised the move, but it also prompted angry backlash. Some two thousand white unionists, of Richmond, left the Federation of Labor in protest of Page’s appointment. Those episodes evoke the racial tensions of the Jim Crow South.</span><br /><br />Image Description: <br />This round badge has blue lettering on a white background with a multi-color <a href="https://archive.org/details/statearmsofunion00lpra/page/n7" target="_blank" title="State Arms of the Union, L. Prang & Co, 1876" rel="noreferrer noopener">coat of arms of Virginia</a> in the center. <br /><br />Inscribed in blue: "27TH ANNUAL CONVENTION / VA. FEDERATION OF LABOR" above the seal and "APRIL 3.4.5, 1922, BRISTOL, VA." below. <br /><br />Suspended from oval badge inscribed : "DELEGATE". <br />The back of the badge reads "The Whitehead and Hoag Co. Buttons, Badges, Novelties and Signs. Newark, N.J."
<a href="http://museumcatalog.virginiahistory.org/final/portal.aspx?lang=en-US" target="_blank" title="Virginia Historical Society catalog" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span>2002.148.6</span></a>, Virginia Museum of History & Culture, Virginia Historical Society
1922
Virginia Museum of History & Culture, Virginia Historical Society
NO COPYRIGHT - NON-COMMERCIAL USE ONLY <br /><br />This Work has been digitized in a public-private partnership. As part of this partnership, the partners have agreed to limit commercial uses of this digital representation of the Work by third parties. You can, without permission, copy, modify, distribute, display, or perform the Item, for non-commercial uses. For any other permissible uses, please review the terms and conditions of the organization that has made the Item available. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br />Love, R. <a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Labor_in_Virginia_During_the_Twentieth_Century#start_entry" target="_blank" title="Labor in Virginia during the twentieth century" rel="noreferrer noopener">Labor in Virginia during the twentieth century.</a> <em>Encyclopedia Virginia <br /></em><a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924054330513;view=1up;seq=7" target="_blank" title="Official proceedings of the 27th annual convention" rel="noreferrer noopener">Virginia Federation of Labor proceedings of the 27th annual session held at Bristol, Virginia, April Third and Fourth, 1922.</a> HathiTrust.org <br />Harold, C. N. (2016). New Negro politics in the Jim Crow south. (Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press).<br />Kimball, G. (1991, April). The working people of Richmond: life and labor in an industrial city, 1865-1920. <em>Labor's Heritage,</em> 3(2). <br />Woman's Work. <em>Sixteenth Annual Session of the Virginia Federation of Labor, Richmond, Virginia</em>. <em>June 6-7-8, 1911</em>, 25-26. <br /><a href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85038615/1911-06-10/ed-1/seq-5/" target="_blank" title="VFL endorses Equal Suffrage League through Johnston's work" rel="noreferrer noopener">Note of Thanks to Miss Johnston</a>. <em>The Times Dispatch</em>. (Richmond, Va.), 10 June 1911, p. 5. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Library of Congress.
High school seniors embark by bus to voter registration, Atlanta, Ga., 1959
Photograph of students from <a href="https://www.atlantapublicschools.us/Page/52771" target="_blank" title="Luther Judson Price High School" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luther Judson Price High School</a> of Atlanta, Ga., prepare to register to vote. <br /><br />Caption attached to photograph: <br />"18 year old high school students of Atlanta, Georgia as they embark by bus to register in the 1959 Voter Registration Campaign of the All Citizens Registration Committee headed by Mr. Jesse Hill, Jr., Actuary of the Atlanta Life Insurance Co."<br /><br />Handwritten on back of photograph: <br />"R.E. Cureton, Principal of Price High School, Atlanta, Ga., confers with members of the Senior Class as they embark by bus to register in the 1959 Voter-Registration Campaign of the All Citizens Registration Committee headed by <a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/business-economy/jesse-hill-1927-2012" target="_blank" title="Jesse Hill (1927-2012), New Georgia Encyclopedi" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jesse Hill, Jr.</a> Actuary of the <a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/business-economy/atlanta-life-insurance-company" target="_blank" title="Atlanta Life Insurance Co. history, New Georgia Encyclopedia" rel="noreferrer noopener">Atlanta Life Insurance Co.</a> All six Atlanta High Schools participated in this program and registered 18 year old students (eligible to vote under Georgia law) nearly 100%."
M 296, Box 2, <a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/577.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" title="John Mitchell Brooks Collection finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">John Mitchell Brooks Collection of NAACP Files 1957-1978</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
1959
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
COPYRIGHT UNDETERMINED <br />The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br />Holmes, R. A. (2005). <a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/black-suffrage-twentieth-century" target="_blank" title="Black suffrage in the twentieth century" rel="noreferrer noopener">Black suffrage in the twentieth century</a>. <em>New Georgia Encyclopedia</em> <br />Myers, B. (2006). <a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/business-economy/jesse-hill-1927-2012" target="_blank" title="Jesse Hill" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jesse Hill (1927-2012)</a>. <em>New Georgia Encyclopedia <br /></em><a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/uncategorized/voting-rights-act-of-1965/" target="_blank" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965, introduction" rel="noreferrer noopener">Voting Rights Act of 1965: An Introduction</a>, Social Welfare History Project <br /><a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/federal/the-voting-rights-act-of-1965/" target="_blank" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965" rel="noreferrer noopener">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>, Social Welfare History Project
Wake Up! Richmond, Va. Crusade for Voters [handbill]
<p>This handbill was produced during Crusade for Voters campaign in 1976.<br /><br />The Crusade for Voters in Richmond, Virginia was started by John Mitchell Brooks, Dr. William S. Thornton, Dr. William Ferguson Reid, Ethel T. Overby and Lola Hamilton.<br /><br />Excerpts:<br />WAKE UP! Richmond, Va. <br />Voters Needed<br />50,000 or more Voters<br />Needed to say that I am a citizen on election day<br />Down with apathy<br />Down with unemployment<br />Don't let the newspaper lull you to sleep<br />Be alert! Be a card carrying voter<br /><br />Any U.S. Citizen who will be 18 years or older before November 2, 1976 is eligible to vote<br /><br />IT IS FREE<br /><br />All Applicants MUST have their Social Security Number and know their birthdate. You must apply in person - no one can register for you. <br />IF YOU HAVE BEEN PURGED - PLEASE REGISTER.<br />...<br />"YOU GOTTA BELIEVE IT" YOUR ONE VOTE DOES COUNT</p>
Crusade for Voters Registration and Education Committee
M 296, Box 2, <a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/VCU/oai_vcu_repositories_5_resources_577.xml" target="_blank" title="John Mitchell Brooks Collection finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">John Mitchell Brooks Collection of NAACP Files 1957-1978</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
1976
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
COPYRIGHT UNDETERMINED<br /><br />The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br />Davis, B.N. (2018). <a href="https://richmondmagazine.com/news/sunday-story/we-decided-to-start-a-third-party/" target="_blank" title="Interview with William Ferguson Reid of the Crusade for Voters" rel="noreferrer noopener">‘We Decided to Start a Third Party’</a> <em>Richmond Magazine <br /></em><a href="https://progressive.org/dispatches/nurturing-roots-90for90-black-political-power/" target="_blank" title="Nurturing the Roots: 90for90 and Black Political Power" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nurturing the Roots: 90for90 and Black Political Power.</a> The Progressive, July 15, 2016. <br />Komp, C. (2017, October 26). <a href="https://ideastations.org/radio/news/lasting-legacy-richmond-crusade-voters" target="_blank" title="Richmond Crusade for Voters" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Lasting Legacy of the Richmond Crusade for Voters.</a> Community Idea Stations. <br />Matthews, K. A. (2017). The Richmond Crusade for Voters. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing.
State Capitation Tax receipts [poll tax receipts]
Virginia State Capitation Tax receipts from the various years. <br /><br />Note: Names and addresses have been removed from these receipts. <br /><p>Poll taxes<span> </span>have a long and contentious history in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Payment of the tax first became a requirement for voting in 1876, as part of an effort to make it more difficult for African Americans and poor whites to participate in elections. Beginning in 1904, Virginians could not register to vote without presenting proof of having paid the poll tax for each of the three years preceding an election.</p>
<p>In March of 1966, in the case of<span> </span><a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/383/663/" target="_blank" title="Text of this case" rel="noreferrer noopener"><i>Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections</i></a>, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the poll tax was unconstitutional. In 1970, the Virginia Constitution omitted authorization of the General Assembly to make payment of a poll tax a prerequisite for voting.</p>
Commonwealth of Virginia
M 68, Box 11, <a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/273.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" title="Finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">Edward H. Peeples, Jr. Papers, n.d., 1910, 1943-1994</a>. Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
NO KNOWN COPYRIGHT<br /><br />The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br />Tarter, B. <a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/poll_tax" target="_blank" title="Poll Tax in Virginia" rel="noreferrer noopener">Poll Tax</a>. <em>Encyclopedia Virginia <br /></em><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=poll+tax" target="_blank" title="materials related to poll taxes" rel="noreferrer noopener">Poll tax</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal <br /><a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/issues/suffrage-south-poll-tax/" target="_blank" title="Suffrage in the South: The Poll Tax (1940)" rel="noreferrer noopener">Suffrage in the South: The Poll Tax (1940)</a>, Social Welfare History Project <br /><a href="https://progressive.org/dispatches/nurturing-roots-90for90-black-political-power/" target="_blank" title="Nurturing the Roots: 90for90 and Black Political Power" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nurturing the Roots: 90for90 and Black Political Power.</a> The Progressive, July 15, 2016.
Socialism--By Federal Amendment / The Red Behind the Black
Two-sided handbill. One side uses quotations from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Messenger_(magazine)" target="_blank" title="The Messenger (magazine)" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>The Messenger</em></a> (1917-1928) to associate woman suffrage, black voting, and a socialist takeover of the United States government. <br /><br />The handbill argues that Socialists will benefit if a "Force Bill" introduced by Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Eli_Watson" target="_blank" title="James Eli Watson" rel="noreferrer noopener">James E. Watson</a> of Indiana were to be passed to enforce the 19th Amendment. The text raises the issues of interracial marriage and desegregation as threats. <br /><br />On the reverse, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Nearing" target="_blank" title="Scott Nearing in Wikipedia" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scott Nearing</a> is quoted as having replied to the question, "How do you propose to take property away from its owners?"<br /><br />"By CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT--in the same way that the property of the brewers and distillers was taken by Constitutional Amendment. The Prohibitionists have shown us the way in which property can be taken for public purposes without compensation to the owners," etc.<br />--From The Review, Feb. 7, 1920, Page 130
M 9 Box 51, <a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/279.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Adèle Goodman Clark papers, 1849-1978</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES <br /><br />The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a><br /><br />Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.