The Candle. Vol. I, No. V, December 1957
Newsletter published by the Virginia State Conference-NAACP. The Candle's header shows two lighted candles and the motto, "It is Better to Light One Candle Than to Curse the Darkness."<br /><br />This issue includes reporting on the Virginia Political Action convention. Photographs of particiapnts in the Visual Aid Educational Political Action program show young people in costume and with props illustrating the importance of voting.<br /><br />Excerpts: <br /><br />Cover photograph captioned "The Three Presidents. 22 Years of Progressive Leadership. Dr. J. M. Tinsley of Richmond, president emeritus of the Virginia State Conference, congratulates Dr. Philip Y. Wyatt of Fredericksburg the newly elected Conference president as Dr. E. B. Henderson of Falls Church, retiring president looks on. Dr. Tinsley retired in 1955 after servicing as Conference president for 20 years. Dr. Henderson, after serving as president for two years could not stand for re-election because of a constitutional provision (adoped in 1955) prohibiting a third term."<br /><br />p.2 In our PAC work we have to keep going over the same points. In Virginia 26% of the adult population is colored, but we do not have a single Negro among the 100 Delegates in the General Assembly, nor among the 40 Senators. If we could get the majority of Negroes to vote our fight against segregation and discrimination would make real headway. <br /><br />There are three steps in getting Negroes to "count"; payment of poll taxes before the deadline, registration, and voting. Why don't more colored people vote? Some don't think it matters, some lack the education, some are fearful, and some just don't make the effort. We must keep hammering to get the deadlines met, to get older people who have never voted to overcome their shyness, to get citizens to study up on issues and candidates. We must inspire our teachers, ministers, and civic leaders to be voting citizens themselves and to preach the importance of using the ballot to win freedom.
M 296 Box 2, <a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/577.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" title="finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">John Mitchell Brooks collection of NAACP files, 1957-1960, 1978</a> James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
1957 December
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
COPYRIGHT UNDETERMINED<br /><br />The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/</a>
Voting Status of Negroes in Virginia and Procedures and Requirements for Voting in Virginia
This 1944 booklet is the Virginia Voters League’s fifth annual report. The League began in 1941 and worked with the NAACP in advocating for increased African American participation at the polls. It was led by <a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Jackson_Luther_Porter_1892-1950#start_entry" target="_blank" title="Encyclopedia Virgina entry on Jackson" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luther P. Jackson</a>, an historian and civil rights advocate who formed the Petersburg League of Negro Voters in 1935, which developed into the Virginia Voters League. The booklet details African American voting strength and includes instructions for voter registration. <br /><br />At this time in Virginia, the payment of a poll tax for three consequtive years was a requirement for voting. The booklet notes that in 1943, the number of blacks who met the poll tax requirement was 32,504. That number increased to 41,579 in 1944. Nevertheless, those numbers represent only 9 to 11 per cent of Virginia blacks of voting age, or expressed another way, about 89 per cent of blacks were disqualified from voting in 1944. <br /><br />Excerpts:<br /><br />Title page: "With grant-in-aid of publication by the Virginia State Teachers Association, Virginia branches of the N.A.A.C.P., Virginia lodges of Elks, the Eureka Lodge of Norfolk, Virginia chapters of Greek letter fraternities and sororities, and the Virginia Negro Organization Society." <br /><br />p. 4 <br /><strong>Foreward</strong><br />This fifth annual report of the Virginia Voters League defines the voting status of Negroes in Virginia as of May 7, 1944, the last day for paying the poll tax in order to have voted in the ensuing August primary and the November election. In order to satisfy the demand for a statement of voting requirements in Virginia and other states this handbook devotes a section to this topic also. <br /><br />To all persons who seek to advance the political status of Negroes and to observe racial trends on suffrage in Virginia this publication may serve as a guide. <br /><br />The compiler of this report is again deeply indebted to the 124 county and city court clerks in Virginia for furnishing the data on poll tax paying either by letter or by sending the poll tax list itself. Every county and city is included in this report because every clerk cooperated. <br /><br /><strong>SLOGAN</strong><br /><strong>Pay the poll tax in order to abolish the poll tax. </strong>
Jackson, Luther P.
Virginia Voters League
General collection, <a href="http://librarycatalog.virginiahistory.org/final/portal.aspx?lang=en-US" target="_blank" title="Search VMHC collections" rel="noreferrer noopener">JK1929.V8 V8 1944</a>, Library of the Virginia Museum of History and Culture, Virginia Historical Society
1944
Virginia Museum of History and Culture, Virginia Historical Society
NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES<br /><br />The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a><br /><br />Acknowledgement of the Virginia Historical Society as a source is requested.
Learn more: <br /><br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/exhibits/show/controlling-the-vote/gallery" target="_blank" title="Controlling the Vote. Image Portal" rel="noreferrer noopener">Controlling the Vote -- Rights. Registration. Representation.</a> Discovery Set, Social Welfare History Image Portal <br /><br />Dennis, M. <a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Jackson_Luther_Porter_1892-1950#start_entry" target="_blank" title="Luther Porter Jackson biography" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luther Porter Jackson (1892–1950)</a>. <em>Encyclopedia Virginia </em><br /><br />"<a href="https://www.progress-index.com/news/20190625/va-highway-marker-honors-creators-of-virginia-voters-league-in-petersburg" target="_blank" title="newspaper article" rel="noreferrer noopener">Va. highway marker honors creators of Virginia Voters League in Petersburg</a>" <em>The Progress-Index <br /> <br /></em><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=poll+tax" target="_blank" title="other materials related to the poll tax" rel="noreferrer noopener">Poll tax</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal
Letter from John M. Brooks to Medgar W. Evers, May 20, 1958 [carbon copy]
Carbon copy of letter from John M. Brooks, Director of Voter Registration, Virginia NAACP to Medgar W. Evers, Field Secretary, Mississippi NAACP. Sent 20 May 1958 in response to Evers' letter of 15 May 1958. <br /><br />Text: <br /><br />Mr. Medgar W. Evers <br />1072 Lynch Street <br />Jackson, Mississippi <br /><br />Dear Medgar: <br /><br />Your letter was a real pick up for me...keep up the good work. I am sending a letter of congratulations to the Meridian group from this office. <br /><br />I hope your Jackson meeting will be as good as the one in Meridian. Don't fail to call on me for any help needed. <br /><br />Sincerely yours,<br />John M. Brooks <br />NAACP Registration Director<br /><br />JMB/eww
Brooks, John M.
M 296, Box 2, <a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/577.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" title="finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">John Mitchell Brooks Collection of NAACP Files 1957-1978</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
20 May 1958
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
COPYRIGHT UNDETERMINED<br /><br />The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><a href="https://snccdigital.org/people/medgar-evers/" target="_blank" title="Medgar Evers" rel="noreferrer noopener">Medgar Evers</a>, SNCC Digital Gateway
Letter from Medgar W. Evers to John M. Brooks, May 15, 1958
Letter from Medgar W. Evers, Field Secretary, Mississippi NAACP to John M. Brooks, Director, Voter Registration, Virginia NAACP. Dated May 15, 1958, the letter is an update on the progress of voter registration efforts in Mississippi. <br /><br />Text: <br />Mr. Johnnie M. Brooks <br />Director, Registration and Voting <br />404 1/2 North Second Street <br />Richmond, Virginia <br /><br />Dear Mr. Brooks:<br /><br />On last night, May 14, I attended the third successful meeting of the "Crusade for Voters" in Meridian, Mississippi. It is amazing how the enthusiasm that was generated in the first two meetings has continued. It is definitely an encouraging sign. At last night's meeting there were represented persons from six of the seven presincts in Meridian, Mississippi, also representatives from two of the county supervisory districts. At this meeting we set up temporary precinct machinery and indications are that within the next two weeks the precinct organizations will be a reality. <br /><br />The list of qualified Negro voters is in the process of being secured, also maps setting forth the boundaries of the various precincts. I do feel personally that in Meridian we are getting off to a very good start. <br /><br />Tonight is Jackson's night. I shall report ot you on its progress later. <br /><br />We had at last night's meeting approximately forty persons, more or less. <br /><br />Sincerely yours, <br />Medgar W. Evers<br />Field Secretary
Evers, Medgar W.
M 296, Box 2, <a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/577.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" title="finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">John Mitchell Brooks Collection of NAACP Files 1957-1978</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
1958 May 15
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
COPYRIGHT UNDETERMINED<br /><br />The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><a href="https://snccdigital.org/people/medgar-evers/" target="_blank" title="more information about Medgar Evers" rel="noreferrer noopener">Medgar Evers</a>, SNCC Digital Gateway
Letter from John M. Brooks, NAACP Registration Director to voter registration activists, Mississippi, July 7, 1958
Letter of encouragement from John M. Brooks, NAACP Registration Director following a meeting he attended in Mississippi. <br /><br />Text -- <br />Dear Friend: <br /><br />My meeting with you in Mississippi was an inspiration to me. It proved my belief that, "if people are given a clear picture of the voting situation, they will cooperate". <br /><br />The people in Meridian and Jackson are well on their way toward increasing their voting strength and becoming first-class citizens. Your future activities will tell what Y O U are going to do in your city. Talk to your neighbors and invite them to join your group. A large attendance will be an inspiration to all concerned. <br /><br />It is my sincere hope that your organization will be a guiding light for other communities all over Mississippi to follow. IT CAN BE DONE would be the wrong words to us, IT WILL BE DONE because of Y O U.<br /><br />Sincerely yours, <br />John M. Brooks<br />NAACP Registration Director
Brooks, John M.
M 296, Box 2, <a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/577.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" title="finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">John Mitchell Brooks Collection of NAACP Files 1957-1978</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
1958 July 7
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
COPYRIGHT UNDETERMINED<br /><br />The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Voting" target="_blank" title="items related to voting; see also "voting rights"" rel="noreferrer noopener">Voting</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal
High school seniors embark by bus to voter registration, Atlanta, Ga., 1959
Photograph of students from <a href="https://www.atlantapublicschools.us/Page/52771" target="_blank" title="Luther Judson Price High School" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luther Judson Price High School</a> of Atlanta, Ga., prepare to register to vote. <br /><br />Caption attached to photograph: <br />"18 year old high school students of Atlanta, Georgia as they embark by bus to register in the 1959 Voter Registration Campaign of the All Citizens Registration Committee headed by Mr. Jesse Hill, Jr., Actuary of the Atlanta Life Insurance Co."<br /><br />Handwritten on back of photograph: <br />"R.E. Cureton, Principal of Price High School, Atlanta, Ga., confers with members of the Senior Class as they embark by bus to register in the 1959 Voter-Registration Campaign of the All Citizens Registration Committee headed by <a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/business-economy/jesse-hill-1927-2012" target="_blank" title="Jesse Hill (1927-2012), New Georgia Encyclopedi" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jesse Hill, Jr.</a> Actuary of the <a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/business-economy/atlanta-life-insurance-company" target="_blank" title="Atlanta Life Insurance Co. history, New Georgia Encyclopedia" rel="noreferrer noopener">Atlanta Life Insurance Co.</a> All six Atlanta High Schools participated in this program and registered 18 year old students (eligible to vote under Georgia law) nearly 100%."
M 296, Box 2, <a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/577.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" title="John Mitchell Brooks Collection finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">John Mitchell Brooks Collection of NAACP Files 1957-1978</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
1959
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
COPYRIGHT UNDETERMINED <br />The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br />Holmes, R. A. (2005). <a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/black-suffrage-twentieth-century" target="_blank" title="Black suffrage in the twentieth century" rel="noreferrer noopener">Black suffrage in the twentieth century</a>. <em>New Georgia Encyclopedia</em> <br />Myers, B. (2006). <a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/business-economy/jesse-hill-1927-2012" target="_blank" title="Jesse Hill" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jesse Hill (1927-2012)</a>. <em>New Georgia Encyclopedia <br /></em><a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/uncategorized/voting-rights-act-of-1965/" target="_blank" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965, introduction" rel="noreferrer noopener">Voting Rights Act of 1965: An Introduction</a>, Social Welfare History Project <br /><a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/federal/the-voting-rights-act-of-1965/" target="_blank" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965" rel="noreferrer noopener">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>, Social Welfare History Project
The Southern Frontier, vol. 1, no. 5 [Texas Issue]
Published by Commission on Interracial Cooperation (CIC), <em>The Southern Frontier</em> was a monthly newsletter, first issued in January, 1940. Aiming to share the stories overlooked by traditional newspapers, the newsletter published stories of social progress, as well as stories of racial injustices faced by African Americans across the American South.<br /><br /> As described by the then President of the CIC Howard W. Odum, the name <em>The Southern Frontier </em>alludes to the need for even greater pioneering and progress in the social and cultural frontiers, the American South being the most turbulent field in reference to race relations and progress at the time.<br /><br />“The Texas Issue” contains contributions by:<br /><br />Lulu Daniel Ames<br /> Mary E. Branch<br /> J. L. Brock<br /> C. H. Bynum<br /> Thomas W. Currie<br /> John M. Hanna<br /> Francis R. Weber<br /> Lynn Landrum<br /> J. L. Brock<br /> Gordon B. Hancock<br /> Frederick D. Patterson<br /><br />Articles include: “Texans Look Into Negro Education” – An article detailing the meeting of the Texas State Department of Education, the Texas Interracial Committee, and the Texas State Colored Teachers Association to discuss plans to provide in-state graduate education for African American Texans.<br /><br />“Holy Cross Clinic, Austin, Will Open in Early July” – An article detailing the opening of the Holy Cross Cross Clinic, a clinic caring for African Americans on small wages.
Commission on Interracial Cooperation
<a href="https://www.austinseminary.edu/page.cfm?p=3050" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jessie Daniel Ames Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching collection, 1930-1944</a><span>, Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Seminary Library</span>
1940 May
Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary Library
<span>The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. </span><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><span>Pullen, Ann Ellis (2013). "</span><a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/commission-interracial-cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a><span>" New Georgia Encyclopedia.</span><br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Commission+on+Interracial+Cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a><span>, Social Welfare History Image Portal</span>
The Southern Frontier, vol. 1, no. 2
Published by Commission on Interracial Cooperation (CIC), <em>The Southern Frontier</em> was a monthly newsletter, first issued in January, 1940. Aiming to share the stories overlooked by traditional newspapers, the newsletter published stories of social progress, as well as stories of racial injustices faced by African Americans across the American South. <br /><br />As described by the then President of the CIC Howard W. Odum, the name <em>The Southern Frontier </em>alludes to the need for even greater pioneering and progress in the social and cultural frontiers, the American South being the a turbulent field in reference to race relations and progress at the time.<br /><br /> Vol. 1, no.2 contains contributions by: <br />Geo. E. Davis<br /> Mack Goss<br /> W. L. Anderson<br /> L. D. Ames<br /> J. D. Lawhorn<br /> A. J. Finch <br /><br />Articles include:<br /><br />“Ku Klux Klan Needs Airing” – An article urging more newspapers to alert the public of the return to activity by the Ku Klux Klan.<br /><br />“The Education of Public Opinion” – An article discussing the education of public opinion by the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People on the topics of mobs and lynching, and tax-supported education for Negroes. Rosenwald schools are discussed, as well as the public misconception the blacks make no real financial contributions toward their education. (Public education was segregated at this time.)<br /><br />"'More Libraries, More Racial Pride'" - An article about libraries for African Americans in rural areas. "It was agreed that information about members of their race who succeeded in art, literature, and business is essential to the creation of racial pride in Negro children."
Commission on Interracial Cooperation
<a href="https://www.austinseminary.edu/page.cfm?p=3050" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jessie Daniel Ames Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching collection, 1930-1944</a><span>, Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Seminary Library</span>
1940 February
<span>Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary Library</span>
<span>The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. </span><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><span>Pullen, Ann Ellis (2013). "</span><a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/commission-interracial-cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a><span>" New Georgia Encyclopedia.</span><br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Commission+on+Interracial+Cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a><span>, Social Welfare History Image Portal</span>
The Defenders News and Views [Newsletter]
Publication of The Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties, a grassroots political organization dedicated to preserving strict racial segregation in Virginia's public schools. The group was established in Petersburg in October 1954 following the Supreme Court decision <em>Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. </em>Chapters of the group opened across the Commonwealth of Virginia.<br /><br />This newsletter is a folded sheet, two pages printed on both sides. The text header on the front page says, "The Defenders News and Views/Published by Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties/405-A East Franklin Street."<br /><br />This document reports on the annual meeting of the Defenders that was held on November 4, 1959 in Richmond, Va. During this meeting a panel of representatives from private schools (identified as "those schools which have been established for parents who do not want their children to attend the integrated public schools") spoke. <br /><br />Members of the panel: <br />J. Barrye Wall, Prince Edward County <br />Jack Crouse, Warren County <br />Frank R. Ford, Norfolk <br />H. P. Paden, Arlington <br />Barry Marshall, Charlottesville <br /><br />Excerpt: <br />"White citizens of Prince Edward County offered to assist the Negroes to set up schools for their children, through use of the scholarship grants and surplus property laws....Mr. Wall emphasized the fact that the NAACP is interested only in integration - not education. Their program is to integrate the schools first, then churches, hotels and every phase of society. Education in Virginia today, he stated, is controlled by the NAACP, and complete integration by 1963 is the goal."
Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties
V.2011.02.01., <a href="https://thevalentine.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Valentine</a>
1959 October - November
The Valentine
This Work has been digitized in a public-private partnership. As part of this partnership, the partners have agreed to limit commercial uses of this digital representation of the Work by third parties. You can, without permission, copy, modify, distribute, display, or perform the Item, for non-commercial uses. For any other permissible uses, please review the terms and conditions of the organization that has made the Item available. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Defenders_of_State_Sovereignty_and_Individual_Liberties#start_entry" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties</a>, Encyclopedia Virginia <br /><a href="https://www.library.vcu.edu/about/special-collections/exhibits/freedom-now/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Freedom Now Project</a>, VCU Libraries<br /><a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Massive_Resistance" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massive Resistance</a>, Encyclopedia Virginia <br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/show/340" target="_blank" title="speech text" rel="noreferrer noopener">In Defense of Prince Edward County of Virginia</a>. Speech of Hon. Harry Flood Byrd of Virginia in the Senate of the United States, Wednesday, May 17, 1961, Social Welfare History Image Portal
Students sing outside Beulah AME Church Parsonage, Farmville, Va., August 1963
Students sing outside Beulah AME Church Parsonage, Farmville, Va., August 1963, in protest of the closing of Prince Edward County Schools. Woman singing at left is Ernestine Land. Tony Reid stands at right.
<a href="http://dig.library.vcu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/far" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Farmville 1963 Civil Rights Protests</a><span>, VCU Libraries Digital Collections</span>
<span>Digital Collections, VCU Libraries</span>
<span>This item is in the public domain. Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.</span>
Learn more: <br /><a href="https://www.library.vcu.edu/about/special-collections/exhibits/freedom-now/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VCU Libraries Freedom Now Project</a> <br /><a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Massive_Resistance" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massive Resistance</a>, <em>Encyclopedia Virginia <br /></em><a href="https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/hist_pubs/3/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Program of Action: The Rev. L. Francis Griffin and the Struggle for Racial Equality in Farmville, 1963</a>, VCU Libraries Scholars Compass.
George Lincoln Rockwell, Richmond, Va., July 4, 1963 [publicity flyer]
A flyer promoting an appearance by George Lincoln Rockwell, founder of the American Nazi Party, in Richmond, Virginia on July 4, 1963. The rally was to intended to motivate opposition to the March on Washington that would take place on August 28, 1963. Rockwell spoke in front of City Hall in Richmond. <br /><br />Rockwell's white supremacist activism was influenced by Senator Joseph McCarthy. Rockwell equated "race-mixing" with Communism. He was also anti-semitic.<br /><br /><span>Rockwell ran an unsuccessful campaign for Governor of Virginia in 1965. Mills E. Godwin, Jr. won the governorship with 296,526 of the </span><span>562,789 votes cast. Rockwell received <span>5,730 votes, coming in fourth behind Godwin, A. Linwood Holton, Jr. and William J. Story Jr.</span></span><br /><br />Rockwell was murdered in 1967 by a recently expelled member of the American Nazi Party.<br /><br />This flyer was folded in half for distribution. The two half-sized images appeared on the outside. Once opened, there were three full-sized pages of text inside.<br /><br />
Aubrey Brown Jr. personal papers collection. <a href="https://upsem.ent.sirsi.net/client/en_US/default/?rm=MARCH+ON+WASHI0%7C%7C%7C1%7C%7C%7C0%7C%7C%7Ctrue" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">March on Washington 1963</a> digital collection. <span>Special Collections, William Smith Morton Library, Union Presbyterian Seminary</span>
1963
Union Presbyterian Seminary Library
<span>The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. </span><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><a href="http://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/exhibits/show/hate-and-extremism/gallery" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Backlash to Reform: Hatred and Extremism</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal<br />Miller, M.E. (2017). <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/08/21/the-shadow-of-an-assassinated-american-nazi-commander-hangs-over-charlottesville/?utm_term=.51e2a2320be3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">The shadow of an assassinated American Nazi commander hangs over Charlottesville.</a> <em>The Washington Post</em> (August 21, 2017).<br />Roosevelt, E. (1939). <a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/great-depression/keepers-democracy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Keepers of Democracy</a>, from <em>The Virginia Quarterly Review</em> (Winter 1939), Social Welfare History Project<br />Hansan, John E., <a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/march-on-washington-august-28-1963/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">March on Washington, D.C. for Jobs and Freedom August 28, 1963</a>, Social Welfare History Project<br /><a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/march-1963-film/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">The March (1963) [film]</a>, Social Welfare History Project<br /><a href="http://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/show/248" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a> [publicity flyer], Social Welfare History Image Portal
Americans Do Not Practice What They Preach [1963 Farmville, Va. protests]
<span>Protestor outside Safeway, Farmville Shopping Center, August 1963. </span><br /><br />Demonstrators carry signs opposing racial segregation, and encouraging shoppers to boycott businesses that support discriminatory practices.<br /><br />From VCU Libraries <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/freedom_now_project/12465792375/in/album-72157640891758243/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Freedom Now Project</a>
<a href="https://digital.library.vcu.edu/islandora/object/vcu%3A4601" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Farmville 1963 Civil Rights Protests</a><span>,</span><span> VCU Libraries Digital Collections</span>
<span>1963 August 24</span>
Digital Collections, VCU Libraries
This item is in the public domain. Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.
Learn more:<a href="https://www.library.vcu.edu/research-teaching/special-collections-and-archives/exhibits/freedom-now/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">VCU Libraries Freedom Now Project</a> <br /><a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Massive_Resistance" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massive Resistance</a>, <em>Encyclopedia Virginia <br /></em><a href="https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/hist_pubs/3/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Program of Action: The Rev. L. Francis Griffin and the Struggle for Racial Equality in Farmville, 1963</a>, VCU Libraries Scholars Compass.
Closed Schools Constitute Catastrophe!!! [1963 Farmville, Va. protests]
Demonstration in front of Prince Edward County Courthouse, Main Street, Farmville, Va., July 1963, protesting the four-year long closure of the public schools <br /><br />Clara Gibson is closest to camera. Third person in line is Sandra "Sandy" Stokes. Second protester carries sign reading, "Ask Mr. Vaughn Why The Schools Are Closed. He will 'Him' and 'Haw' and Decline to Disclose!"<br /><br />From VCU Libraries <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/freedom_now_project/12464900743/in/album-72157640935144155/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Freedom Now Project</a>
<a href="https://digital.library.vcu.edu/islandora/object/vcu%3A4252" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Farmville 1963 Civil Rights Protests</a><span>,</span><span> VCU Libraries Digital Collections</span>
1963 July
Digital Collections, VCU Libraries
This item is in the public domain. Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.
Learn more:<a href="https://www.library.vcu.edu/research-teaching/special-collections-and-archives/exhibits/freedom-now/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">VCU Libraries Freedom Now Project</a> <br /><a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Massive_Resistance" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massive Resistance</a>, <em>Encyclopedia Virginia <br /></em><a href="https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/hist_pubs/3/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Program of Action: The Rev. L. Francis Griffin and the Struggle for Racial Equality in Farmville, 1963</a>, VCU Libraries Scholars Compass.
Mr. Grocer: Tell Your Friends, You'll See our Dollars when Segregation Ends! [1963 Farmville, Va. protests]
Protesters <span>at Grants, Farmville Shopping Center, August 1963. Students </span>carry signs opposing racial segregation, and encouraging shoppers to boycott businesses that support discriminatory practices.<br /><br /><span>Darwyn White carries the "Mr. Grocer.." sign. Protester behind her carries sign reading, "If they don't see money, they'll see the truth. Boycott for Freedom."</span><br /><br /><br />From VCU Libraries <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/freedom_now_project/12465273424/in/album-72157640935491185/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Freedom Now Project</a>
<a href="https://digital.library.vcu.edu/islandora/object/vcu%3A4261" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Farmville 1963 Civil Rights Protests</a><span>,</span><span> VCU Libraries Digital Collections</span>
1963 August 24
Digital Collections, VCU Libraries
<span>This item is in the public domain. Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.</span>
Learn more:<a href="https://www.library.vcu.edu/research-teaching/special-collections-and-archives/exhibits/freedom-now/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">VCU Libraries Freedom Now Project</a> <br /><a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Massive_Resistance" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massive Resistance</a>, <em>Encyclopedia Virginia <br /></em><a href="https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/hist_pubs/3/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Program of Action: The Rev. L. Francis Griffin and the Struggle for Racial Equality in Farmville, 1963</a>, VCU Libraries Scholars Compass.
Don't Buy Segregation [1963 Farmville, Va. protests]
<span><span>Protesters near Southside Sundry and Southside Business Machines, Main Street, Farmville, Va., July 1963.<br /><br /><span>Irene Williams carries "Don't Buy Segregation." Kenneth Johnson stands at left in dark pants.</span></span><br /><br />Protesters carry signs opposing racial segregation, and encouraging shoppers to boycott businesses that support discriminatory practices.</span>
<a href="https://digital.library.vcu.edu/islandora/object/vcu%3A4633" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Farmville 1963 Civil Rights Protests</a><span>,</span><span> VCU Libraries Digital Collections</span>
1963 July
Digital Collections, VCU Libraries
This item is in the public domain. Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.
Learn more:<a href="https://www.library.vcu.edu/research-teaching/special-collections-and-archives/exhibits/freedom-now/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">VCU Libraries Freedom Now Project</a> <br /><a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Massive_Resistance" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massive Resistance</a>, <em>Encyclopedia Virginia <br /></em><a href="https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/hist_pubs/3/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Program of Action: The Rev. L. Francis Griffin and the Struggle for Racial Equality in Farmville, 1963</a>, VCU Libraries Scholars Compass.
No One is Free Until We All Are Free [1963 Farmville, Va. protests]
Protesters at Safeway, Farmville, Va., August 1963<br /><br />Protesters carry signs opposing racial segregation, and encouraging shoppers to boycott businesses that support discriminatory practices.<br /><br />From VCU Libraries <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/freedom_now_project/12465622704/in/album-72157640891758243/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Freedom Now Project</a>
<a href="https://digital.library.vcu.edu/islandora/object/vcu%3A4376" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Farmville 1963 Civil Rights Protests</a><span>,</span><span> VCU Libraries Digital Collections</span>
1963 August 24
Digital Collections, VCU Libraries
<span>This item is in the public domain. Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.</span>
Learn more:<a href="https://www.library.vcu.edu/research-teaching/special-collections-and-archives/exhibits/freedom-now/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">VCU Libraries Freedom Now Project</a> <br /><a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Massive_Resistance" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massive Resistance</a>, <em>Encyclopedia Virginia <br /></em><a href="https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/hist_pubs/3/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Program of Action: The Rev. L. Francis Griffin and the Struggle for Racial Equality in Farmville, 1963</a>, VCU Libraries Scholars Compass.
Father Forgive them for they know not what they do / Educate Don't Segregate [1963 Farmville, Va. protests]
Protesters in front of Prince Edward County Courthouse, Main St., Farmville, Va., July 1963. <br /><br /><span>The Rev. Goodwin Douglas, pastor of Beulah AME, with "Father forgive them..." sign. <span>Fourth person in line behind the Rev. Douglas is Clara Gibson. Visible behind her is Sandra "Sandy" Stokes.</span></span>
<a href="https://digital.library.vcu.edu/islandora/object/vcu%3A4569" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Farmville 1963 Civil Rights Protests</a>, VCU Libraries Digital Collections
1963 July
Digital Collections, VCU Libraries
This item is in the public domain. Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.
Learn more:<a href="https://www.library.vcu.edu/research-teaching/special-collections-and-archives/exhibits/freedom-now/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">VCU Libraries Freedom Now Project</a> <br /><a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Massive_Resistance" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massive Resistance</a>, <em>Encyclopedia Virginia <br /></em><a href="https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/hist_pubs/3/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Program of Action: The Rev. L. Francis Griffin and the Struggle for Racial Equality in Farmville, 1963</a>, VCU Libraries Scholars Compass.
America is our JAIL as long as JIM CROW LIVES [1963 Farmville, Va. protests]
Protesters and shoppers outside Southside Sundry, Farmville, Va., July 1963.<br /><br /><span>The Rev. James "Jimmy" Franklin of Sharon Baptist Church in Cumberland carries "America is our Jail..." sign. Catherine Scott is at right.</span><br /><br />From VCU Libraries <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/freedom_now_project/12465520995/in/album-72157640935144155/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Freedom Now Project</a>
<a href="https://digital.library.vcu.edu/islandora/object/vcu%3A4510" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Farmville 1963 Civil Rights Protests</a>, VCU Libraries Digital Collections
1963 July 29
Digital Collections, VCU Libraries
<span>This item is in the public domain. Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.</span>
Learn more:<a href="https://www.library.vcu.edu/research-teaching/special-collections-and-archives/exhibits/freedom-now/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">VCU Libraries Freedom Now Project</a> <br /><a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Massive_Resistance" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massive Resistance</a>, <em>Encyclopedia Virginia <br /></em><a href="https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/hist_pubs/3/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Program of Action: The Rev. L. Francis Griffin and the Struggle for Racial Equality in Farmville, 1963</a>, VCU Libraries Scholars Compass.
The Closing of "Public Schools" in P. E. County has Disgrace the State of Virginia [1963 Farmville, Va. protests]
Students protest Prince Edward County public school closings, Main Street near courthouse, Farmville, Va., July 1963. <br /><br />Sandra "Sandy" Stokes in foreground. Second person in line is Everett Berryman, Jr. followed by Emerson Hunt.<br /><br />from <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/freedom_now_project/12465651004/in/album-72157640935144155/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VCU Libraries Freedom Now Project</a>
<a href="https://digital.library.vcu.edu/islandora/object/vcu%3A4386" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Farmville 1963 Civil Rights Protests</a>,<span> VCU Libraries Digital Collections</span>
1963 July
Digital Collections, VCU Libraries
<span>This item is in the public domain. Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.</span>
Learn more:<a href="https://www.library.vcu.edu/research-teaching/special-collections-and-archives/exhibits/freedom-now/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">VCU Libraries Freedom Now Project</a> <br /><a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Massive_Resistance" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massive Resistance</a>, <em>Encyclopedia Virginia <br /></em><a href="https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/hist_pubs/3/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Program of Action: The Rev. L. Francis Griffin and the Struggle for Racial Equality in Farmville, 1963</a>, VCU Libraries Scholars Compass.
We Will Die For Our Civil Rights [1963 Farmville, Va. protests]
Protesters in front of J.J. Newberry, Main Street, Farmville, Va., July 1963. John Hicks carries sign in foreground; Isaac Dungee stands behind him.<br /><br />From VCU Libraries <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/freedom_now_project/12464882674/in/album-72157640935144155/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Freedom Now Project</a>
<a href="https://digital.library.vcu.edu/islandora/object/vcu%3A4293" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Farmville 1963 Civil Rights Protests</a>, VCU Libraries Digital Collections
1963 July
Digital Collections, VCU Libraries
<span><span>This item is in the public domain. Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.</span></span>
Learn more:<a href="https://www.library.vcu.edu/research-teaching/special-collections-and-archives/exhibits/freedom-now/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">VCU Libraries Freedom Now Project</a> <br /><a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Massive_Resistance" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massive Resistance</a>, <em>Encyclopedia Virginia <br /></em><a href="https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/hist_pubs/3/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Program of Action: The Rev. L. Francis Griffin and the Struggle for Racial Equality in Farmville, 1963</a>, VCU Libraries Scholars Compass.