The Southern Frontier, vol. 1, no. 12
Published by Commission on Interracial Cooperation (CIC), The Southern Frontier was a monthly newsletter, first issued in January, 1940. Aiming to share the stories overlooked by traditional newspapers, the newsletter published stories of social progress, as well as stories of racial injustices faced by African Americans across the American South. <br /><br />As described by the then President of the CIC Howard W. Odum, the name The Southern Frontier alludes to the need for even greater pioneering and progress in the social and cultural frontiers, the American South being the most turbulent field in reference to race relations and progress at the time.<br /><br />Vol. 1, No. 12 contains contributions by:<br /><br />Felton G. Clark<br />Charles S. Johnson<br /><br />Selected articles are:<br /><br />“The South, the Supreme Court and Negro Education” – An article concerning the obstacles faced by graduate education-seeking African Americas in the South. <br /><br />“Negroes Must Serve on Grand Juries” – An article condemning instances of purposefully excluding African Americans from serving on juries.
Commission on Interracial Cooperation
<a href="https://www.austinseminary.edu/page.cfm?p=3050" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jessie Daniel Ames Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching collection, 1930-1944</a>, Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Seminary Library
1940 December
Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary Library
The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><span>Pullen, Ann Ellis (2013). "<a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/commission-interracial-cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a><span>" New Georgia Encyclopedia.<br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Commission+on+Interracial+Cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal </span></span>
Position of Farm Workers in Federal and State Legislation
This pamphlet, written by Robin Myers and published by the National Advisory Committee on Farm Labor, describes the rights of migrant farm workers in the late 1950s. This excerpt describes the conditions and the rights of child workers at both the state and national legislative levels. <br /><br />The National Advisory Committee on Farm Labor (NACFL) grew out of the work of the <a href="https://reuther.wayne.edu/node/3199" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Sharecroppers Fund</a>. <br /><br />The NACFL was organized in 1958 as a fact-finding, reporting agency whose goal was to build public awareness of the substandard living and working conditions of farm laborers. (<a href="https://reuther.wayne.edu/files/LR000393.pdf" target="_blank" title="Finding aid NSF collection" rel="noreferrer noopener">Reuther Library</a>, n.d.) Leaders included Eleanor Roosevelt, Socialist party presidental candidate Norman Thomas, Catholic Archbishop Robert Emmet Lucey, Rabbi Eugene Lipman of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, Presbyterian theologian Dr. John A. Mackay, and Tuskegee Institute president, Dr. L. H. Foster (<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-policy-history/article/farmworker-advocacy-through-guestworker-policy-secretary-of-labor-james-p-mitchell-and-the-bracero-program/99180F6F8E1DC1D2D451F7612DBF6823/core-reader#fn79" target="_blank" title="Farmworker Advocacy through Guestworker Policy" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hazelton</a>, 2017).<br /><br />In 1958 and 1964, the NACFL held public hearings on farm labor and rural poverty. The agency dissolved in 1968.<br /><br />Excerpts:<br /><br />p. 34 "Children of migrant agricultural workers suffer from all the disadvantages and disabilities that handicap the whole migrant community -- unusual health hazards, inadequate food and housing due to low income level, lack of stable family life, and rejection by the community. In addition, two aspects of the migrant situation particularly affect the children and their future. The first is the common use of child workers, both legally and illegally. The second is their deprivation of such educational opportunities as would enable them to make their own lives an improvement over those of their parents." <br /><br />p. 35 "'Many of the Nation's farms do not come under the provisions of these Federal Acts. Only 6 States, 3 Territories, and the District of Columbia expressly provide a minimum age for agricultural work outside school hours, and only 13 States, 2 Territories, and the District of Columbia expressly provide a minimum age during school hours.'" (quoted from <em>Child Workers in Agriculture</em>, Leaflet No. 4, U. S. Dept. of Labor, 1959)<br /><br />p. 37 "The most common reason for the employment of child workers in agriculture, to an extent no longer acceptable in other industries, is that the low wage of the bread-winner of the family is not sufficient (averaging under $900 a year) to pay minimum family expenses, and so everyone works who can. This in turn creates the vicxious cycle of child labor lowering wage standards and contributing to the perpetuation of subnormal wages."<br /><br />p. 38 "In most places, the local schools cannot handle and do not want migrant children."
Myers, Robin
Box 248, <a href="https://www.baylor.edu/library/poage/index.php?id=925919" target="_blank" title="Congressional Collections" rel="noreferrer noopener">O. C. Fisher Congressional Collection</a>, The W. R. Poage Legislative Library Political Collections, Baylor University Libraries
1959 August
Baylor University Libraries
<a href="http://www.baylor.edu/lib/digitization/digitalrights" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://www.baylor.edu/lib/digitization/digitalrights</a>
Learn more:<br /><br />Hazelton, A. J. (2017). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0898030617000185" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Farmworker Advocacy through Guestworker Policy: Secretary of Labor James P. Mitchell and the Bracero Program.</a> <em>Journal of Policy History</em> 29 (July), p. 431-461. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0898030617000185" target="_blank" class="url doi" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://doi.org/10.1017/S0898030617000185</a><br /><br /><a href="https://reuther.wayne.edu/node/3199" target="_blank" title="National Sharecropper Fund Records (finding aid)" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Sharecropper Fund Records</a>, Walter P. Reuther Library (finding aid).<br /><br />Cosgrove, B. (2013) <a href="http://time.com/3722532/bitter-harvest-life-with-americas-migrant-workers-1959/" target="_blank" title="Bitter Harvest (photographs)" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bitter Harvest: LIFE With America's Migrant Workers, 1959</a>. <em>LIFE magazine</em> <span>Mar 10, 2013. (Previously unpublished photographs by </span>Michael Rougier). <br /><br />Furman, M. (1959). <a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435030100218;view=2up;seq=2" target="_blank" title="Some Facts for Young Workers" rel="noreferrer noopener">Some Facts for Young Workers about Work and Labor Laws.</a> Washington : U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards.
Use of Mexican Workers Does Not Depress Farm Wages
This article compares the hourly wages of farm workers state-by-state, along with the number of Mexican workers employed in 1962. <br /><br />The document's author states, "The current average hourly farm wage of the 21 States in which Mexican workers were used in 1962 is $1.13 per hour. The average of the 27 States in which no Mexican nationals were used in 1962 is $1.04 per hour...."<br /><br />"One conclusion, however is obvious; that factors other than employment of Mexican nationals dominate in the establishment of farm wage rates and if there is <span style="text-decoration:underline;">any correlation whatever between the employment of Mexican nationals, or the number employed, and the level of farm wages in the various States, it is that farm wages tend to be higher in States where substantial numbers of Mexican workers are employed."</span>
unknown
<a href="https://www.baylor.edu/lib/poage/doc.php/251040.pdf" target="_blank" title="W. R. Poage papers finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">Box 241, f. 13</a><span>, W. R. Poage Papers, The W. R. Poage Legislative Library Political Collections, Baylor University Libraries</span>
1963
Baylor University Libraries
<a href="http://www.baylor.edu/lib/digitization/digitalrights" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://www.baylor.edu/lib/digitization/digitalrights</a>
<span>Learn more:</span><br /><br /><span>Hazelton, A. J. (2017). </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0898030617000185" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Farmworker Advocacy through Guestworker Policy: Secretary of Labor James P. Mitchell and the Bracero Program.</a><span> </span><em>Journal of Policy History</em><span> 29 (July), p. 431-461. </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0898030617000185" target="_blank" class="url doi" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://doi.org/10.1017/S0898030617000185</a><br /><br /><span>Cosgrove, B. (2013) </span><a href="http://time.com/3722532/bitter-harvest-life-with-americas-migrant-workers-1959/" target="_blank" title="Bitter Harvest (photographs)" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bitter Harvest: LIFE With America's Migrant Workers, 1959</a><span>. </span><em>LIFE magazine</em><span> </span><span>Mar 10, 2013. (Previously unpublished photographs by </span><span>Michael Rougier). <br /><br /></span><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/show/317" target="_blank" title="Migrant Children and Youth by Florence Wyckoff" rel="noreferrer noopener">Migrant Children and Youth</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal
Texas Committee on Migrant Farm Workers. Letter to Congressman W. R. Poage from Betty Jane Whitaker
This letter was written to Congressman W. R. Poage by Betty Jane Whitaker, Co-chairman of the Texas Committee on Migrant Farm Workers, asking him to help improve the lives of migrant workers and their children. Whitaker asks for this to be done through better schooling and healthcare. A paper titled "<a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/show/317" target="_blank" title="read the paper" rel="noreferrer noopener">Migrant Children and Youth</a>" by Florence R. Wyckoff was included with this letter.
Whitaker, Betty Jane
<a href="https://www.baylor.edu/lib/poage/doc.php/251040.pdf" target="_blank" title="W. R. Poage papers finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">Box 241, folder 13</a>, W. R. Poage Papers, The W. R. Poage Legislative Library Political Collections, Baylor University Libraries.
1963 November 7
Baylor University Libraries
<a href="http://www.baylor.edu/lib/digitization/digitalrights" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://www.baylor.edu/lib/digitization/digitalrights</a>
<span>Learn more:</span><br /><br /><span>Cosgrove, B. (2013) </span><a href="http://time.com/3722532/bitter-harvest-life-with-americas-migrant-workers-1959/" target="_blank" title="Bitter Harvest (photographs)" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bitter Harvest: LIFE With America's Migrant Workers, 1959</a><span>. </span><em>LIFE magazine</em><span> </span><span>Mar 10, 2013. (Previously unpublished photographs by </span><span>Michael Rougier). <br /><br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/show/315" target="_blank" title="Position of Farm Workers in Federal and State Legislation" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Position of Farm Workers in Federal and State Legislation,</a> Social Welfare History Image Portal</span>
The Doctor Looks at Child Labor. NCLC Pamphlet No. 356
<span>A symposium edited by the NCLC. <br /><br />A series of statements related to the long-term health effects of child labor on children and youth. <br /><br />"The insidious thing about child labor is that its effects manifest themselves at the most unexpected times in later life and often in a disastrous manner....We would not permit the exploitation of a child that is precious to any one of us. Let us not, therefore, as citizens, tolerate the exploitation of other people's children." (back cover)<br /><br />Contributed by:<br /><br /> C.-E. A. Winslow, Professor of Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine<br />William R. P. Emerson <br />Eugene L. Opie <br />Louis I. Harris <br />Joseph H. Bainton <br />Alice Hamilton <br />Haven Emerson <br />Iago Galdston <br />Charles Hendee Smith <br />Max Seham <br />Richard A. Bolt <br />Catherine Brannick <br />George M. Kober <br />C. Floyd Haviland <br />S. W. Wynne <br /><br />Statement titles: Chronic Fatigue; Hidden Infections; Physical Unfitness; Years of Growth; Poison Trades; Cardiacs Without Symptoms; Colts in Harness; Monotony Exacts Its Price; "Papers! All the Evenin' Papers!"; Young Nomads; When the Hand Slips; When Working Conditions are Bad; Undernourished Minds.<br /><br /><br /><br /></span>
Winslow, C. -E. A. (Charles-Edward Amory), 1877-1957
<a href="https://upsem.ent.sirsi.net/client/en_US/default/?rm=CHILD+LABOR+PA0%7C%7C%7C1%7C%7C%7C0%7C%7C%7Ctrue" target="_blank" title="Child Labor Pamphlets, 1908 - 1935, Union Presbyterian Seminary Library" rel="noreferrer noopener">Child Labor Pamphlets, 1908 - 1935</a><span>, No. 43, digital collection, William Smith Morton Library, Union Presbyterian Seminary</span>
National Child Labor Committee
1929
Union Presbyterian Seminary Library
The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/</a>
Migrant Children and Youth
Sent to Congressman W. R. Poage (Texas) with a <a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/show/316" target="_blank" title="read this letter" rel="noreferrer noopener">cover letter</a> signed by Betty Jane Whitaker of the Texas Committee on Migrant Farm Workers.<br /><br />This paper was written by Florence R. Wyckoff, Chairman of the Subcommittee on Families Who Follow the Crops, California Governor's Advisory Committee on Children and Youth. It was originally prepared for The National Conference on Problems of Rural Youth in a Changing Environment held in Stillwater, Oklahoma, on September 22-25, 1963. This copy was reproduced by the Texas Committee on Migrant Farm Workers. <br /><br />Wyckoff's paper was written to educate people about migrant workers and their status. The author discusses families of migrant workers, and why they migrate, as well as the effect of high mobility on migrant children and youth. Wyckoff's intent was to inform the politicians who may be unaware of the struggles of migrant workers, but are writing bills affecting them and their families.<br /><br />Excerpts:<br /><br />p.2 "There are many kinds of migratory workers in America, but we are mainly concerned with the agricultural migrant and his family because 'agricultural labor' is specifically exempted from much protective legislation covering other types of workers who move about, such as construction workers or lumber workers. For example, workers employed in agriculture are exempt from the Fair Labor Standards Act, Federal Wage and Hour Law. All states except Hawaii exempt them from unemployment insurance and all but California exempt them from disability insurance. Only a limited number are covered under social security. Residence requirements make it difficult for them to qualify for assistance benefits."<br /><br />p.3 "Economically, the migrant farm worker occupies the lowest level of any major group in the American economy."
Wyckoff, Florence R.
<a href="https://www.baylor.edu/lib/poage/doc.php/251040.pdf" target="_blank" title="W. R. Poage papers finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">Box 241, f. 13</a>, W. R. Poage Papers, The W. R. Poage Legislative Library Political Collections, Baylor University Libraries
1963 September
Baylor University Libraries
<a href="http://www.baylor.edu/lib/digitization/digitalrights" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://www.baylor.edu/lib/digitization/digitalrights</a>
Learn more:<br /><br /><span>Cosgrove, B. (2013) </span><a href="http://time.com/3722532/bitter-harvest-life-with-americas-migrant-workers-1959/" target="_blank" title="Bitter Harvest (photographs)" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bitter Harvest: LIFE With America's Migrant Workers, 1959</a><span>. </span><em>LIFE magazine</em><span> </span><span>Mar 10, 2013. (Previously unpublished photographs by </span><span>Michael Rougier). <br /><br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/show/315" target="_blank" title="Position of Farm Workers in Federal and State Legislation" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Position of Farm Workers in Federal and State Legislation,</a> Social Welfare History Image Portal<br /></span>
Interracial News Service vol. 9, no. 5, February 1938
A news digest published by the Department of Race Relations, Federal Council of Churches, New York, NY. <br /><br />The Federal Council of Churches was an ecumenical association of Protestant denominations in the United States founded in Philadelphia in 1908. It merged with other ecumenical bodies in 1950 to form the present day National Council of Churches. <br /><br />Masthead: "Gleanings from press releases and other sources to inform busy but sincere people of some of the things affecting the lives of racial minorities. Let's do away with walls ! 'We are all one in Christ Jesus.'<br />The Material in the News Service is given for information and is not to be construed as declarations of official attitudes or policies of the Department of Race Relations or the Federal Council of Churches." <br /><br />This issue contains tributes to James Weldon Johnson following his death in an automobile accident. Also marked is the death of Arthur A. Schomburg, America's foremost collector of books on African Americans and curator of the largest and rarest collection of its type in the United States. <br /><br />Other topics and articles include:<br /><br />"K.U. Medical School Opens Doors to Negro Students" <br />"Ask American Bar to Admit Negro Lawyers" <br />"Ga. Governor Removes Shakles in Prison Reform" (also removed from Georgia prisions were the sweat-box, and whippings with cat-o-nine tails) <br />"Blue and Gray Vets Gather at Gettysburg" (75th Anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg) <br />"Cotton Picker May Displace Negro Workers" (regarding the Rust Brothers cotton picker)<br />"Italians 'Aryan' Race Purity Urged" (regarding the purge of Jews from Italy)<br />"Vassar Pact Pledges Aid to Minorities" (World Youth Congress at Vassar College)
<a href="https://vcu-alma-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=VCU_ALMA21375204090001101&context=L&vid=VCUL&search_scope=all_scope&tab=all&lang=en_US" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="catalog entry">E 185.5.I68</a>, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Libraries, VCU Libraries
1938 February
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><em><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Southern+Frontier" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Issues of The Southern Frontier">The Southern Frontier</a>,</em> Social Welfare History Image Portal <br /><a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/civil-war-reconstruction/jim-crow-laws-andracial-segregation/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Jim Crow Laws">Jim Crow Laws and Racial Segregation</a>, Social Welfare History Project <br /><a href="https://newspaperarchives.vassar.edu/cgi-bin/vassar?a=d&d=vq19381001-01.2.6" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Vassar Peace Pact">Vassar Peace Pact</a> (1938). <em>Vassar Quarterly</em>, Volume XXIV, Number 1, 1 October 1938, Vassar newspaper archives.
Negro Organization Society. Programme 12, 13, 14 November 1924. Fredericksburg, Va.
Program for the twelfth annual session of the Negro Organization Society, held in Fredericksburg, Virginia. November 12-14, 1924.
M 9 Box 81 <a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/279.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Adèle Goodman Clark papers</a>, 1849-1978, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries.
The Saint Luke Press. 900-2-4 St. James Street, Richmond, Virginia.
1924
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries.
NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a><br /><br />Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.