S.O.N.S. Newsletter, January 22, 1972
This newsletter is a publication of the anti-busing Save Our Neighborhood Schools, Inc., (SONS) organization. A subscription form listing the Board of Directors for SONS is also shown. <br /><br />In the 1970 case, Bradley v. Richmond School Board, Judge Robert Merhige, Jr., ordered limited citywide busing in order to integrate Richmond, Virginia, schools, resulting in further white flight. Opposition from white parents was fierce and organized, as evidenced by groups such as SONS. <br /><br />Merhige's decision was overturned on June 6, 1972 by the U.S. Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, which was affirmed a year later in the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court subsequently invalidated most busing across city-county boundaries and, unable to counteract white flight, many city schools again became overwhelmingly black. The trend continued through the late-twentieth century, and Richmond neighborhoods were more racially segregated in 1980 than in 1960. <br /><br />From the Subscription Form: <br /><br />"Dedicated to the preservation of the neighborhood school concept in the education of our young people." <br /><br />Board of Directors<br /><a href="https://www.dailypress.com/news/dp-xpm-20000423-2000-04-23-0004230006-story.html" target="_blank" title=""Haskins Still Remains Consistent" Daily Press article" rel="noreferrer noopener">William F. Haskins</a>, President<br /><br />Board Members<br />J. Hunter Ames<br />James W. Meador, Jr.<br />Jaqueline Gary<br />Kenneth A. Huhn<br />J. Earl Gerringer<br />Ernestine Gilpin<br />Jerome Hake <br />Herbert Thornton
Save Our Neighborhood Schools, Inc.
General collection, Call Number L11 .N5, and General collection, Call Number L11 .S5, Library of the Virginia Museum of History and Culture, Virginia Historical Society
1972 January 22
Virginia Museum of History and Culture, Virginia Historical Society
<p>NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES</p>
<p><br /> The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a><br /><br /> Acknowledgement of the Virginia Historical Society as a source is requested.</p>
Learn more: <br /><br />Hayter, J. (2017). <em>The Dream is Lost: Voting Rights and the Politics of Race in Richmond, Virginia. </em><br /><br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=busing" target="_blank" title="materials related to school busing" rel="noreferrer noopener">Busing</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal<br /><br /><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1972/02/18/archives/3300-autos-driven-to-capital-in-protest-3300-cars-in-the-capital.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">3,300 Autos Driven To Capital in Protest</a><span>, </span><em>The New York Times</em><span>, February 18, 1972.<br /></span><br /><span>Pratt, Robert A. </span><em><em>The Color of Their Skin: Education and Race in Richmond, Virginia, 1954-89. <br /><br /><a href="http://lawreview.richmond.edu/2017/09/28/the-conscience-of-virginia-judge-robert-r-merhige-jr-and-the-politics-of-school-desegregation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Conscience of Virginia: Judge Robert R. Merhige, Jr., and the Politics of School Desegregation</a> <br /></em></em><br /><a href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/338/67/2182321/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bradley v. School Board of City of Richmond, Virginia, 338 F. Supp. 67 (E.D. Va. 1972) </a>
Classroom Desegregation Will Never Work [broadside]
This broadside asserts “there is a basic, inherent mental difference between the races,” citing IQ tests and a booklet by Henry E. Garrett, <em>How Classroom Desegregation Will Work</em> (1966). <br /><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Garrett_(psychologist)" target="_blank" title="biographical information on Wikipedia" rel="noreferrer noopener">Henry Garrett</a> was at the forefront of a resurgence of racial pseudoscience in the mid-twentieth century. He argued for segregation in <em>Davis v. County School Board</em> (one of the cases in Brown v. Board), compiled a pamphlet of his essays for the white supremacist <a href="http://www.citizenscouncils.com/" target="_blank" title="About Citizens' Council" rel="noreferrer noopener">Citizens’ Council</a>, and his views were used to forward the work of other eugenicists. <br /><br />Excerpts:<br /><br />That is why Classroom Desegregation will <em>never</em> work: There is a basic, inherent mental difference between the races. If you mix the classrooms and gear the standards to Negroes, you deny White children their optimum chance. If you gear the standards to White mentality, you develop frustrations on the part of Negroes, with subsequent antagonisms, drop-outs, and "delinquencies...."<br /><br />Race differences, as an issue, is the overriding problem of our time. These differences are something too few of us know about. Now is the time to learn, before it is too late. If you <em>know</em> what you are talking about, you can help defeat Black Power. Only the truth will keep us free.
unknown
<a href="http://librarycatalog.virginiahistory.org/final/Portal/Default.aspx?component=AAAAIY&record=c231aee4-2016-4cb4-94cf-363c83f66aff">General collection, Call Number LC214.2 .C614 196-?</a>, Library of the Virginia Museum of History and Culture, Virginia Historical Society
The Patrick Henry Press, Richmond, Virginia
1960s
Virginia Museum of History and Culture, Virginia Historical Society
<p>NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES</p>
<p><br />The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a><br /><br />Acknowledgement of the Virginia Historical Society as a source is requested.</p>
Learn more: <br /><br />Door, Gregory Michael (2008). <em>Segregation’s Science: Eugenics and Society in Virginia <br /><br /></em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_M._Shuey" target="_blank" title="biographical information on Audrey Shuey, student of Henry Garrett" rel="noreferrer noopener">Shuey, Audrey M</a>. (1966). <em><a href="https://archive.org/details/1966ShueyThetestingofnegrointelligencevol1/page/n1" target="_blank" title="The Testing of Negro Intelligence" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Testing of Negro Intelligence</a>, </em>second edition. <br /><br />Campbell, A. W. (2018). <a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/issues/discrimination/influence-controversy-races-mankind-brotherhood-man/" target="_blank" title="The Races of Mankind" rel="noreferrer noopener">Influence and Controversy. The Races of Mankind and The Brotherhood of Man</a>. Social Welfare History Project.
Pilgrimage of Prayer for Public Schools, January 1, 1959 [broadside]
Broadside advertising A Pilgrimage of Prayer for Public Schools, January 1, 1959 in Richmond, Va. At this event, organizers played a seven-minute pre-recorded message from Dr. King. A <a href="The%20Martin%20Luther%20King,%20Jr.%20Research%20and%20Education%20Institute" target="_blank" title="transcription of Walker's letter to Dr. King" rel="noreferrer noopener">description of the event</a> by Wyatt Tee Walker as reported to Dr. King is available online. More than 1,500 people attended. <br /><br />Text: <br />Martin Luther King joins your Religious and Civic Leaders in Urging All Virginians to Come to Richmond in A Pilgrimage For Public Schools on EMANCIPATION DAY January 1, 1959. <br /><br />You will assemble at THE MOSQUE Laurel and Main Streets promptly at 2:30 P.M. <br /><br />"Let us not deceive ourselves! We have among us politicians who will not hesitate to CLOSE ALL PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN VIRGINIA. We must demonstrate to Virginia and the nation by our presence and action that we will not tolerate this crime against Virginia's children." --Dr. Philip Y. Wyatt <br /><br />WHICH WILL IT BE? Free Eduation? or Closed Schools? <br /><br />"Only through the preservation of a free, desegregated public school system can a people be fully emancipated from the shackles of prejudice and inequality. American democracy itself is at stake. This is your pilgrimage." --The Rev. Wyatt Tee Walker
M 306 Box 2, folder 8, <a href="https://archives.library.vcu.edu/repositories/5/resources/145" target="_blank" title="finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">Richmond Crusade for Voters collection</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU LIbraries
1959
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
COPYRIGHT UNDETERMINED<br /><br />The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><br /><a href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/wyatt-tee-walker-1#ftnref6" target="_blank" title="Transcription of letter" rel="noreferrer noopener">Text of letter from Wyatt Tee Walker, pastor of Gillfield Baptist Church in Petersburg, to Martin Luther King, Jr.</a> reporting on a 1 January Prayer Pilgrimage to protest the efforts of Virginia officials to block public school integration. Stanford University, The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute. <br /><br /><a href="https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/11237274" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leaflet. Passive Resisance to Massive Resistance</a>. Leaflet with photographs of the Prayer Pilgrimage. Digital Collections. Yale University Library.<br /><br /><div><a href="http://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/brown/pilgrimage.htm" target="_blank" title="Program for the Pilgrimage of Prayer in Richmond, VA" rel="noreferrer noopener">Program, Pilgrimage of Prayer for Public Schools, January 1, 1959.</a> Library of Virginia.<br /><br /></div>
<a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=massive+resistance" target="_blank" title="Massive resistance materials" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massive resistance</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Massive_Resistance" target="_blank" title="Massive resistance" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massive resistance</a>, <em>Encyclopedia Virginia. <br /></em><br /><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/23/obituaries/wyatt-tee-walker-dead.html" target="_blank" title="NYT Obituary" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wyatt Tee Walker, Dr. King's Strategist and a Harlem Leader, Dies at 88</a>, <em>The New York Times. <br /></em><br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Martin+Luther+King+Jr." target="_blank" title="items related to MLK, Jr." rel="noreferrer noopener">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal.
Report, Segregation in the Field of Public and Private Law [excerpt]
This is the only known copy of the legal analysis that was used to justify the desegregation of Tulane University. <br /><br />In 1959, Joseph M. Jones, president of the Tulane Board of Administrators, approached a Tulane law student, David Campbell, and asked him to research all aspects of desegregation as they applied to higher education. Campbell delivered his report on September 4, 1959. <br /><br />The sixty-page report covered a wide swath of research into desegregation law, including areas to which it applied (jury cases, housing, the right to vote, restrictive covenants, labor unions, etc.), the Fourteenth Amendment, whether Tulane University was a private or public corporation, and laws and cases pertaining to Tulane. Campbell went on to graduate first in his class from Tulane Law School and earn a doctorate in law from Oxford University.<br /><br />Read the entire report through the <a href="https://digitallibrary.tulane.edu/islandora/object/tulane%3A83108" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Report, Segregation in the Field of Public and Private Law">Tulane University Digital Library</a>.
Campbell, David
<a href="http://archives.tulane.edu/repositories/3/resources/3261#summary" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Finding aid David Campbell papers">David Campbell papers</a>, Manuscripts Collection 1108, Box 9, Louisiana Research Collection, Howard-Tiltion Memorial Library, Tulane University
1959 September 4
Louisiana Research Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library
This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/</a>
In Defense of Prince Edward County of Virginia. Speech of Hon. Harry Flood Byrd of Virginia in the Senate of the United States, Wednesday, May 17, 1961
Reprint of Senator Harry F. Byrd's speech as recorded in the United States of America, Congressional Record, Proceedings and Debates of the 87th Congress, First Session.
Byrd, Harry Flood
M 172 Box 1, f2, <a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/384.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" title="Calvin T. Lucy Papers, 1914 - 1978" rel="noreferrer noopener">Calvin T. Lucy Papers, 1914 - 1978</a>. James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
1961 May 17
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
<span>The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. </span><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a>
Learn more:<br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/search?query=farmville&query_type=keyword&record_types%5B%5D=Item&record_types%5B%5D=File&record_types%5B%5D=Collection&submit_search=Search" target="_blank" title="Images from Farmville, Va., 1963" rel="noreferrer noopener">Farmville</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal<br /><em><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/show/285" target="_blank" title="Newsletter" rel="noreferrer noopener">Defenders' News and Views</a></em>, Social Welfare History Image Portal<br /><a href="https://www.library.vcu.edu/about/special-collections/exhibits/freedom-now/" target="_blank" title="Protests, Farmville, Va. 1963" rel="noreferrer noopener">Freedom Now Project</a>, VCU Libraries <br /><a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Massive_Resistance" target="_blank" title=""Massive Resistance" by James H. Hershman, Jr." rel="noreferrer noopener">Massive Resistance</a>, Encyclopedia Virginia<br />Farmville, <a href="http://archives.qc.cuny.edu/civilrights/search?query=farmville&query_type=keyword&record_types%5B%5D=Item&record_types%5B%5D=File&record_types%5B%5D=Collection&record_types%5B%5D=Exhibit&record_types%5B%5D=ExhibitPage&record_types%5B%5D=SimplePagesPage" target="_blank" title="Queens College Civil Rights Archives" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queens College Civil Rights Archives</a>
Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story
Educational comic book published by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellowship_of_Reconciliation_(United_States)" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fellowship of Reconciliation</a> following the success of the Montgomery Bus Boycott. <br /><br />The comic book advocates for the principles of nonviolence and teaches methods of nonviolent resistance. It was produced by the studio of artist Al Capp, who admired Dr. King. <br /><br />Civil rights activist and congressman <a href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/authors/profiles/article/58354-a-comic-book-for-social-justice-john-lewis.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Comic book for social justice">John Lewis</a> read and was inspired by this work as a teenager.
Resnick, Benton and Hassler, Alfred (writers)
Barry, Sy (artist)
<a href="https://gallery.library.vcu.edu/items/show/84340" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections and Archives</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
1958
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/</a>
Learn more:<br /><br />Aydin, A. (2013). <a href="https://www.creativeloafing.com/article/13074611/the-comic-book-that-changed-the-world" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cover Story: The comic book that changed the world.</a> <em>Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story</em>'s vital role in the Civil Rights Movement. <em>Creative Loafing. <br /></em><br />Bello, G. (2012, July 19). <a href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/authors/profiles/article/58354-a-comic-book-for-social-justice-john-lewis.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="A Comic Book for Social Justice: John Lewis">A Comic Book for Social Justice: John Lewis</a>. <em>Publishers Weekly<br /><br /></em>Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR-USA). <a href="https://forusa.org/martin-luther-king-and-the-montgomery-story-curriculum-guide/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>Martin Luther King and The Montgomery Story</em> Curriculum and Study Guide</a><br /><br /><a href="http://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/show/291" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mammy Yokum and the Great Dogpatch Mystery</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal. <br /><br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/exhibits/show/comics/gallery" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Discovery Set: Comics on a Mission">Comics on a Mission: Educational and Public Service Comics</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal
Anti-School Busing Protest, February 1972
Black and white photograph of a man and a woman in a car during an anti-busing motorcade to Washington, D.C. The car is driving past the U.S. Supreme Court building and has a poster taped to the driver's side door of the car. The poster is of "The Little Red School House" used as a logo by <a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Save+Our+Neighborhood+Schools" target="_blank" title="SONS" rel="noreferrer noopener">Save Our Neighborhood Schools, Inc.</a> with the words, "Help / Save Freedom." The man leans his head out the window and smiles.<br /><br />On February 17, 1972, nearly 3,300 cars traveled in a motorcade from Richmond, Virginia to Washington, DC. Despite snow, the protesters made a symbolic journey to Capitol Hill to voice their opposition to Judge Robert Merihge's ruling (<em>Bradley v. School Board of City of Richmond, Virginia) </em>that public schools<span> in Richmond, Henrico County, and Chesterfield County must be consolidated. At that time, Richmond public schools were 70 percent black while those of the two counties were about 90 per cent white.<br /><br />Cars in the motorcade carried red and white signs reading “Help Save Freedom” and imprinted with a picture of a little red schoolhouse. <br /></span>
Richmond Newspapers, Inc.
P.74.11.18n, <a href="https://thevalentine.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Valentine</a>
1972 February 17
The Valentine
This Work has been digitized in a public-private partnership. As part of this partnership, the partners have agreed to limit commercial uses of this digital representation of the Work by third parties. You can, without permission, copy, modify, distribute, display, or perform the Item, for non-commercial uses. For any other permissible uses, please review the terms and conditions of the organization that has made the Item available. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1972/02/18/archives/3300-autos-driven-to-capital-in-protest-3300-cars-in-the-capital.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">3,300 Autos Driven To Capital in Protest</a>, <em>The New York Times</em>, February 18, 1972.<br /><br />Pratt, Robert A. <em><em>The Color of Their Skin: Education and Race in Richmond, Virginia, 1954-89. <br /><br /><a href="http://lawreview.richmond.edu/2017/09/28/the-conscience-of-virginia-judge-robert-r-merhige-jr-and-the-politics-of-school-desegregation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Conscience of Virginia: Judge Robert R. Merhige, Jr., and the Politics of School Desegregation</a> <br /><br /></em></em><a href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/338/67/2182321/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bradley v. School Board of City of Richmond, Virginia, 338 F. Supp. 67 (E.D. Va. 1972) </a> <br /><br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=busing" target="_blank" title="materials related to school busing" rel="noreferrer noopener">Busing</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal
The Defenders News and Views [Newsletter]
Publication of The Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties, a grassroots political organization dedicated to preserving strict racial segregation in Virginia's public schools. The group was established in Petersburg in October 1954 following the Supreme Court decision <em>Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. </em>Chapters of the group opened across the Commonwealth of Virginia.<br /><br />This newsletter is a folded sheet, two pages printed on both sides. The text header on the front page says, "The Defenders News and Views/Published by Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties/405-A East Franklin Street."<br /><br />This document reports on the annual meeting of the Defenders that was held on November 4, 1959 in Richmond, Va. During this meeting a panel of representatives from private schools (identified as "those schools which have been established for parents who do not want their children to attend the integrated public schools") spoke. <br /><br />Members of the panel: <br />J. Barrye Wall, Prince Edward County <br />Jack Crouse, Warren County <br />Frank R. Ford, Norfolk <br />H. P. Paden, Arlington <br />Barry Marshall, Charlottesville <br /><br />Excerpt: <br />"White citizens of Prince Edward County offered to assist the Negroes to set up schools for their children, through use of the scholarship grants and surplus property laws....Mr. Wall emphasized the fact that the NAACP is interested only in integration - not education. Their program is to integrate the schools first, then churches, hotels and every phase of society. Education in Virginia today, he stated, is controlled by the NAACP, and complete integration by 1963 is the goal."
Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties
V.2011.02.01., <a href="https://thevalentine.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Valentine</a>
1959 October - November
The Valentine
This Work has been digitized in a public-private partnership. As part of this partnership, the partners have agreed to limit commercial uses of this digital representation of the Work by third parties. You can, without permission, copy, modify, distribute, display, or perform the Item, for non-commercial uses. For any other permissible uses, please review the terms and conditions of the organization that has made the Item available. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Defenders_of_State_Sovereignty_and_Individual_Liberties#start_entry" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties</a>, Encyclopedia Virginia <br /><a href="https://www.library.vcu.edu/about/special-collections/exhibits/freedom-now/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Freedom Now Project</a>, VCU Libraries<br /><a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Massive_Resistance" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massive Resistance</a>, Encyclopedia Virginia <br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/show/340" target="_blank" title="speech text" rel="noreferrer noopener">In Defense of Prince Edward County of Virginia</a>. Speech of Hon. Harry Flood Byrd of Virginia in the Senate of the United States, Wednesday, May 17, 1961, Social Welfare History Image Portal
Anti-Busing Motorcade in Washington, D.C., February 1972
Black and white photograph of a Richmond-based anti-busing motorcade passing through Washington, D.C. on 2nd Street behind the U.S. Supreme Court building. A policeman walks beside two cars.<br /><br /><span>On February 17, 1972, nearly 3,300 cars traveled in a motorcade from Richmond, Virginia to Washington, DC. Despite snow, the protesters made a symbolic journey to Capitol Hill to voice their opposition to Judge Robert Merihge's ruling (</span><em>Bradley v. School Board of City of Richmond, Virginia) </em><span>that public schools</span><span> in Richmond, Henrico County, and Chesterfield County must be consolidated. At that time, Richmond public schools were 70 per cent black while those of the two counties were about 90 per cent white.<br /><br />Cars in the motorcade carried red and white signs reading “Help Save Freedom” and imprinted with a picture of a little red schoolhouse. </span>
Richmond Newspapers, Inc.
P.74.11.18m, <a href="https://thevalentine.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Valentine</a>
1972 February 17
The Valentine
This Work has been digitized in a public-private partnership. As part of this partnership, the partners have agreed to limit commercial uses of this digital representation of the Work by third parties. You can, without permission, copy, modify, distribute, display, or perform the Item, for non-commercial uses. For any other permissible uses, please review the terms and conditions of the organization that has made the Item available. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1972/02/18/archives/3300-autos-driven-to-capital-in-protest-3300-cars-in-the-capital.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">3,300 Autos Driven To Capital in Protest</a><span>, </span><em>The New York Times</em><span>, February 18, 1972.<br /></span><br /><span>Pratt, Robert A. </span><em><em>The Color of Their Skin: Education and Race in Richmond, Virginia, 1954-89. <br /><br /><a href="http://lawreview.richmond.edu/2017/09/28/the-conscience-of-virginia-judge-robert-r-merhige-jr-and-the-politics-of-school-desegregation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Conscience of Virginia: Judge Robert R. Merhige, Jr., and the Politics of School Desegregation</a> <br /></em></em><br /><a href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/338/67/2182321/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bradley v. School Board of City of Richmond, Virginia, 338 F. Supp. 67 (E.D. Va. 1972) </a> <br /><br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=busing" target="_blank" title="materials related to school busing" rel="noreferrer noopener">Busing</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal
Mobilizing for Busing Protest, Richmond, Va.
Black and white photograph of people preparing for an anti-busing demonstration. A woman stands holding an American flag, and a man standing with her wears a hand-lettered anti-busing sign, "Forced bussing & consolidation of schools will lead to either [arrow points to a Nazi swastika] or [arrow points to Communist red star and a hammer and sickle.]" <br /><br />Other people wearing anti-busing signs mill about in front of the Richmond Coliseum. One woman's sign reads, "I'm not fussing but I will not bus. No! Merhige No!"
Richmond Newspapers, Inc.
P.74.11.18o, <a href="https://thevalentine.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Valentine</a>
1972 February 10
The Valentine
This Work has been digitized in a public-private partnership. As part of this partnership, the partners have agreed to limit commercial uses of this digital representation of the Work by third parties. You can, without permission, copy, modify, distribute, display, or perform the Item, for non-commercial uses. For any other permissible uses, please review the terms and conditions of the organization that has made the Item available. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=busing" target="_blank" title="materials related to school busing" rel="noreferrer noopener">Busing</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal<br /><br /><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1972/02/18/archives/3300-autos-driven-to-capital-in-protest-3300-cars-in-the-capital.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">3,300 Autos Driven To Capital in Protest</a><span>, </span><em>The New York Times</em><span>, February 18, 1972.<br /></span><br /><span>Pratt, Robert A. </span><em><em>The Color of Their Skin: Education and Race in Richmond, Virginia, 1954-89. <br /><br /><a href="http://lawreview.richmond.edu/2017/09/28/the-conscience-of-virginia-judge-robert-r-merhige-jr-and-the-politics-of-school-desegregation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Conscience of Virginia: Judge Robert R. Merhige, Jr., and the Politics of School Desegregation</a> <br /></em></em><br /><a href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/338/67/2182321/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bradley v. School Board of City of Richmond, Virginia, 338 F. Supp. 67 (E.D. Va. 1972) </a>