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Title
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Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries
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Title
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The Negro Vote in the South. A Southern Woman's Viewpoint [suffrage flyer]
Description
An account of the resource
NWSA flyer containing an essay by Mrs. Guilford Dudley of Nashville, TN. Mrs. Dudley addresses the fear among white Southern Congressmen that if all women are given the vote through a Federal Suffrage Amendment, the increase in black voting power will be detrimental to the nation. Dudley notes the success of "educational tests" that limit black voter registration. <br /><br />For similar arguments with regard to compulsory education, see "<a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/show/331" target="_blank" title="Need of Compulsory Education in the South" rel="noreferrer noopener">Need of Compulsory Education in the South</a>."
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
<a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3c13715/" title="Photograph from Library of Congress" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dudley, Mrs. Guilford</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<span>M 9 Box 49, </span><a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/279.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Adèle Goodman Clark papers, 1849-1978</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
Publisher
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National Woman Suffrage Publishing Co., Inc., New York.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1918
Rights
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This item is in the public domain. Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.
Relation
A related resource
Learn more: <br /><a href="http://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/woman-suffrage/woman-suffrage-movement/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Women's Suffrage: The Movement</a>, Social Welfare History Project<br /><a href="http://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/issues/suffrage-south-poll-tax/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Suffrage in the South: The Poll Tax</a>, Social Welfare History Project<br /><a href="http://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/issues/suffrage-south-part-ii-one-party-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Suffrage in the South Part II: The One Party System</a>, Social Welfare History Project<br /><br /><span>Annotate a </span><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/files/original/52dab9cbc57c3a07c703f7389b47ae0a.pdf" target="_blank" title="PDF of this image which can be annotated" rel="noreferrer noopener">PDF of this image</a><span> with </span><a href="https://web.hypothes.is/" target="_blank" title="What is Hypothes.is?" rel="noreferrer noopener">hypothes.is</a>
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
African Americans
civil rights
hypothes.is
literacy tests
National Woman Suffrage Association
poll tax
race
Reconstruction
suffrage
white supremacy
women's history
World War I
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Title
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University of Minnesota Libraries
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Title
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Literacy and the Right to Vote. CLSA Reports: Information Bulletin, No. 2, May 15, 1962.
Description
An account of the resource
This information bulletin is a publication of the Commission on Law and Social Action of the <a href="https://ajcongress.org/about/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="American Jewish Congress website">American Jewish Congress</a>. The four-page document, written by CLSA director <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/07/obituaries/leo-pfeffer-83-lawyer-on-staff-of-the-american-jewish-congress.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="New York Times obituary of Leo Pfeffer ">Leo Pfeffer</a>, discusses the topic of literacy tests and voter registration, particularly as a tool of discrimination against Black and immigrant voting. Pfeffer also considers literacy in languages other than English. <br /><br />This American Jewish Congress bulletin is from the National Conference of Christians and Jews, Religious Freedom and Public Affairs Project and is part of a resource files on discrimination in voting. It discusses the use of literacy tests as a means to prevent voting. <br /><br /><br />Excerpts: <br />p.1 Today, however there is no widespread demand that literacy tests for voters be completely abolished. What is in issue is the use of such tests to discriminate against members of minority ethnic groups. The major victims in the South are the Negroes and in New York Puerto Ricans who are literate only in Spanish and Jews literate only in Yiddish. <br /><br />It is no accident that literacy tests should be so popular in the South. Their origin is to be found in the search by the Southern states to find ways to defeat the objective of the 15th Amendment which sought to secure the Negro's right to vote. Among other (e.g., poll tax, white promaries, etc.) the literacy test was hit upon as such a device. While this did effectively bar the polls to many Negroes, it had the disadvantage from the Southerner's viewpoint of also disenfranchising many whites who likewise were illiterate. To get around this, the "grandfather clause" was invented. This was a provision in the statute which exempted from the requirement of literacy anyone who was a descendant of a person who voted before 1866, in effect meaning any white person. <br /><br />p.2 Typical of the administration of literacy tests in the South is the explanation given by a Louisiana registrar to an investigator of the Civil Right Commission for her practice of asking for constitutional interpretations only from Negro applicants: "Usually, I find that the white people are more intelligent along those lines and I very seldom ask them; but some of the colored people -- I can determine by the way they fill out their card that they are not intelligent in these respects." <br /><br />To meet this problem the Civil Rights Commission unanimously recommended that any state law requirement of literacy as a prerequisite to the right to vote shall be deemed satisfied if the applicant shows that he completed six years of instruction in elementary school. A number of measures along this line have been introduced in Congress. <br /><br />p.3 Southern spokesmen argue that these bills are unconstitutional because they interfere with states rights. They contend that if a Negro is discriminated against his only relief is to sue in the courts. <br />However, both the 14th and 15th Amendments specifically provide that Congress shall have the power to enforce their provisions by appropriate legislation....Enactment by Congress of the proposal recommended by the Civil Rights Commission would show that Congress realizes that it too shares responsibility in the struggle for equality. <br /><br /><br />p. 4 There is a valid reason to deny the right to vote to persons who have not yet reached the age of maturity, or to those whose limited mental capacities render them unable to handle their own affairs. There is no valid reason to deny the ballot to a person who is competent to exercise intelligent judgment in respect to the issues of the day and the candidates for public office simply because he acquired his knowledge in one rather than another language.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<span><a href="https://archives.lib.umn.edu/repositories/11/resources/2434" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="finding aid">National Conference of Christians and Jews records (SW0092)</a>. </span><a href="https://umedia.lib.umn.edu/item/p16022coll453:11061/p16022coll453:11057?child_index=19&query=&sidebar_page=7" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://umedia.lib.umn.edu/item/p16022coll453:11061?q%3D%2522Voting%2Brights%2522&source=gmail&ust=1596631787427000&usg=AFQjCNE-srMJQt7FYy6BeuKGvSaecsHldQ" rel="noopener" title="University of Minnesota Libraries UMedia digital collections">Special Projects. Religious Freedom and Public Affairs Project. Discrimination in Voting. (Box 18, Folder 19)</a> Social Welfare History Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1962 May 15
Contributor
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Social Welfare History Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries
Creator
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Commission on Law and Social Action of the American Jewish Congress
Rights
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NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES<br /><br />The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a>
African Americans
American Jewish Congress
civil rights
CLSA
Commission on Law and Social Action
Leo Pfeffer
literacy tests
voter suppression
Voting
voting rights
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Virginia Museum of History & Culture
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Title
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Equal Suffrage and the Negro Vote [broadside]
Description
An account of the resource
This broadside was issued by the Equal Suffrage League in about 1916. <br /><br />Southern suffragists were forced to respond to anti-suffrage groups who argued that if African American women gained the right to vote, white supremacy would be threatened. Although some prominent suffragists claimed that their response was borne only out of expedience, and not principle, they nonetheless employed Jim Crow arguments by emphasizing the power of the literacy test and the poll tax.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Equal Suffrage League of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="http://librarycatalog.virginiahistory.org/final/Portal/Default.aspx?component=AAAAIY&record=7491bc35-de43-4df5-bc24-c73a55b94ac4" target="_blank" title="Broadsides 1916:1" rel="noreferrer noopener">Broadside Collection, Call Number 1916:1</a>, Library of the Virginia Museum of History & Culture, Virginia Historical Society
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
c. 1916
Contributor
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Virginia Museum of History & Culture, Virginia Historical Society
Rights
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NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES<br />The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a><br /><br />Acknowledgement of the Virginia Historical Society as a source is requested.
Relation
A related resource
Learn more: <br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/show/75" target="_blank" title="The Negro Vote in the South." rel="noreferrer noopener">The Negro Vote in the South. A Southern Woman's Viewpoint</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal
African Americans
Equal Suffrage League
Jim Crow
literacy
literacy tests
poll tax
Richmond
suffrage
Virginia
voter suppression
Voting
white supremacy
women's history
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Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries
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Title
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Report of the President's Commission on Registration and Voting Participation, November 1963
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1963 November
Contributor
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Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
Rights
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NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES<br /><br />The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a> <br /><br />Acknowledgment of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.
Relation
A related resource
Learn more: <br /><a href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHP/1963/Month%2005/Day%2008/JFKWHP-1963-05-08-D" target="_blank" title="Photographs" rel="noreferrer noopener">Visit of the Commission on Registration & Voting Participation, 12:25PM</a>, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum <br /><br />Papers of John F. Kennedy. Presidential Papers. White House Staff Files of Lee C. White. General File, 1954-1964. <a href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHSFLCW/003/JFKWHSFLCW-003-002" target="_blank" title="archival materials" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Registration and Voting Participation, 23 April 1963-30 March 1964</a><br /><br /><span>Papers of John F. Kennedy. Presidential Papers. White House Staff Files of Lee C. White. General File, 1954-1964. <a href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHSFLCW/003/JFKWHSFLCW-003-001" target="_blank" title="archival materials, 1962-1963" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Registration and Voting Participation, 21 December 1962–30 March 1963</a> <br /><br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/show/475" target="_blank" title="Letter to Mayor Sheppard from President Johnson" rel="noreferrer noopener">Letter to Eleanor P. Sheppard from Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, February 10, 1964</span>
Description
An account of the resource
Report of the President's Commission on Registration and Voting Participation. The bipartisan commission was created by Executive Order on March 30, 1963 by President John F. Kennedy. The Commission was chaired by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Scammon" target="_blank" title="Wikipedia article" rel="noreferrer noopener">Richard M. Scammon</a>, Census Director. <br /><br />The report was transmitted on November 26, 1963, just days after Kennedy's assassination. In February, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson mailed this report along with a <a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/show/475" target="_blank" title="read the accompanying letter from President Johnson" rel="noreferrer noopener">letter to Eleanor P. Sheppard</a>, Mayor of Richmond, Virginia. <br /><br />In its opening summary, the Commission wrote: <br /><br />"One-third of our adults do not vote in presidential elections, and more than half do not vote in congressional elections. The reasons for America's low voter participation are both psychological and legal. <br /><br />Psychological causes of low turnout must be attacked by education and educational programs. Every citizen and group has a responsibility to join in this effort. <br /><br />The Commission endorses the practice of comprehensive register-and-vote campaigns to encourage and inform potential voters. We specifically call for a new effort by our schools in the teaching of citizenship, and we underscore the great responsibility of parents in citizenship education. <br /><br />The Commission strongly believes that effective two-party competition in all areas of the Nation will build and maintain interest in public affairs and lead to greater voter participation. We commend the two party system and all efforts to strengthen that system. <br /><br />Restrictive legal and administrative procedures in registration and voting disfranchise millions. To overcome such restrictions, taking into account the disparity in law and practice amont the States, we recommend the following specific standards: <br /><br />[Twenty-one standards are listed, including the elimination of literacy tests and poll taxes and the extension of voting to persons eighteen years of age.] <br /><br />The implementation of these standards will guarantee the right to vote to every citizen, adduring in fact what we proclain in theory--the supremacy of the individual in American political life." <br /><br /><a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d029875154&view=1up&seq=3" target="_blank" title="read the report" rel="noreferrer noopener">Complete report</a> available through HathiTrust.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
President's Commission on Registration and Voting Participation
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
M 277, Box 11, <a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/591.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" title="finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eleanor P. Sheppard papers, 1924 - 1978</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office
John F. Kennedy
literacy tests
Lyndon B. Johnson
poll tax
voter registration
Voting
voting rights
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
University of Minnesota Libraries
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Voting Rights Act...the first months
Description
An account of the resource
Within the first six weeks after the Voting Rights Act was signed into law, staff attorneys from the Commission on Civil Rights visited 32 Southern counties and parishes to study the implementation of the legislation. This document is their report, transmitted to the President, the President of the Senate, and the Speaker of the House of Representatives in November 1965. <br /><br />The Commission found widespread compliance, but also a need for further action. Their "Findings and Recommendations," along with the section titled, "Problems in Registration" are presented here. <br /><br />Read the report's <a href="https://umedia.lib.umn.edu/item/p16022coll391:4298/p16022coll391:4185?child_index=9&query=&sidebar_page=4" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="read the report's history of the Voting Rights Act of 1965">Chapter 1: History of the Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>. <br /><br />Excerpts: <br />p.34 Problems in Registration<br /><br />Some country registrars in Mississippi and Alabama have violated the new law by refusing to register illiterates....<br /><br />Delay has created a problem in Alabama and South Carolina, principally because these States have a restricted number of registration days. <br /><br />p. 35 In some counties in North Carolina, registrars conduct all but three days of registration in their own homes or places of business. Social and psychological barriers are likely to deter Negroes from seeking out a registrar in his exclusively white neighborhood.... <br /><br />Racial violence related to civil rights activities is another factor which has limited applications in some counties with examiners. The killing of seminarian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Daniels" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="biographical information on Jonathan Daniels">Jonathan Daniels</a> in Lowndes Country, Alabama, on August 20 and the acquittal of his killer on September 30 appear to have been the single most important factor in reducing Negro applications in that county. It is symbolic of conditions there that a pick-up truck with a rifle visibly displayed has been parked daily immediately outside the examiner's office since the opening of the office. Registration workers in the country have reported increasing threats against their lives and continued efforts to intimidate resident Negro leaders.<br /><br />------<br /><br />This booklet on the Voting Rights Act was part of a resource file on civil rights and voting in the files of the National Federation of Settlements. The Federation was active in community organizing for social justice, voting, and civil rights. The <a href="https://umedia.lib.umn.edu/item/p16022coll391:4298/p16022coll391:4176" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="complete document and transcript">entire document along with a transcript</a> is available via the University of Minnesota Libraries, Social Welfare History Archives.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
United States Commission on Civil Rights
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://archives.lib.umn.edu/repositories/11/resources/2445" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="finding aid">National Federation of Settlements and Neighborhood Centers records</a> (<a href="https://umedia.lib.umn.edu/item/p16022coll391:4298/p16022coll391:4176" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="view this document">Box 169, Folder 3</a>), Social Welfare History Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1965
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Social Welfare History Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES<br /><br />The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a>
African Americans
civil rights
discrimination
Legislation
literacy tests
poll tax
race
voter registration
voter suppression
Voting
voting rights
Voting Rights Act 1965