Begin at the Beginning
Pamphlet advocating for compulsory kindergarten as a means to Americanization. Written by Philander Priestly Claxton, former United States Commissioner of Education, and David Starr Jordan, Chancellor Emeritus, Leland Stanford Junior University. <br /><br />Excerpt:<br /><br />"THE CHILD IS THE FATHER OF THE MAN <br /><br />The way to 'Americanize' foreigners as well as the native born is to commence at the beginning or as near there as possible. The idea of a kindergarten, like that of any other form of garden, is to give proper culture and to give it early, when it is most needed. The most important duty of any people is to care for its children. In the schools of today the future of the nation is written. And to the kindergarten all higher schools must look for the initiative of their work. All other forms of 'national defense' dwindle into impertinent insignificance when compared with the training of the children."
Claxton, P. P.
M 9 Box 103 <a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/279.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Adèle Goodman Clark papers, 1849-1978</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
National Kindergarten Association
[1921?]
<span>Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries</span>
<span>The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use.</span><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/</a>
Learn more:<br /><a href="http://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/education/kindergartens-a-history-1886/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kindergartens: A History - 1886</a>, Social Welfare History Project<br /><a href="http://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/education/americanization/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Americanization</a>, Social Welfare History Project
National Kindergarten Association Letter, 1922
Letter from Bessie Locke, Corresponding Secretary of the National Kindergarten Association, addressed "FOR YOUR RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE" and refers to an upcoming local [state?] convention. <br /><br />Excerpts:<br /><br />"RESOLVED, That the [National Kindergarten Association] urge its members to circulate petitions for kindergartens in their public schools, and write for information and advice on the subject to the National Kindergarten Association, 8 West 40th Street, New York."<br /><br />"RESOLVED, That the [National Kindergarten Association] sponsor a bill providing for the establishment of kindergartens upon petition of parents at the next legislative session. (California, Arizona, Nevada, Maine, Texas, Kansas, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin have already enacted petition kindergarten laws.)"<br /><br />"For the sake of the country's neglected little children, we hope it may be possible for you to have the above resolutions passed at your next convention. We shall appreciate news from you of the passage of either or both of them."<br /><br />The letter is stamped with what is likely the date received, April 13, 1922.
Locke, Bessie
<span>M 9 Box 103, </span><a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/279.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Adèle Goodman Clark papers, 1849-1978</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
1922 April
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
This item is in the public domain. Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.
Learn more:<br /><a href="http://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/education/the-kindergarten-as-a-child-saving-work/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Kindergarten As A Child-Saving Work</a>, Social Welfare History Project<br /><a href="http://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/education/kindergartens-a-history-1886/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Free Kindergartens</a>, Social Welfare History Project<br /><a href="http://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/child-welfarechild-labor/place-kindergarten-child-saving-1900/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Place of the Kindergarten in Child-Saving</a>, Social Welfare History Project
Why Should the Kindergarten be a Part of the Public School System?
Pamphlet promoting the benefits of adding Friedrich Froebel's Kindergarten curriculum to the public school system. The pamphlet lists six major benefits of kindergarten and expands upon each of thes points with a few paragraphs. <br /><br />"1. The Kindergarten forms a natural bond between the home and the school."<br /><br />"2. The Kindergarten considers the whole nature of the child -- physical, mental, moral -- and gives every aspect of that nature a chance for exercise, training, growth."<br /><br />"3. Kindergarten education is motor, and its aim is to develop human power."<br /><br />"4. The Kindergarten furnishes a mental background for the formal study of reading, writing, arithmetic, and geography."<br /><br />"5. The Kindergarten promotes the happiness of children. They delight in its activities, all of which are based upon their natural instincts."<br /><br />"6. The Kindergarten promotes the physical well being of the child."<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />"Reprinted by kind permission of Kate Baldwin Free Kindergarten Association, Savannah, Ga."<br /><br />[original article by Hortense May Orcutt]
<span>M 9 Box 103, </span><a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/279.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Adèle Goodman Clark papers, 1849-1978</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
National Kindergarten Association
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
<span>The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use.</span><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/</a>
Learn more:<br /><a href="http://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/education/the-kindergarten-as-a-child-saving-work/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Kindergarten As A Child-Saving Work</a>, Social Welfare History Project<br /><a href="http://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/education/kindergartens-a-history-1886/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Free Kindergartens</a>, Social Welfare History Project<br /><a href="http://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/child-welfarechild-labor/place-kindergarten-child-saving-1900/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Place of the Kindergarten in Child-Saving</a>, Social Welfare History Project
Kindergarten Legislation
Pamphlet promoting state legislation to include kindergartens for children aged four to six years in public schools.<br /><br />"LOOK FOR YOUR STATE IN THE FOLLLOWING LIST...<br /><br />If there IS legislative activity in your state, write to the National Kindergarten Association for names of organizations sponsoring it, and give them your support.<br /><br />If there is NO legislative activity in your state, will you not initiate it?"
National Kindergarten Association
<span>M 9 Box 103, </span><a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/279.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Adèle Goodman Clark papers, 1849-1978</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
<span>The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use.</span><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/</a>
Learn more:<br /><a href="http://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/education/the-kindergarten-as-a-child-saving-work/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Kindergarten As A Child-Saving Work</a>, Social Welfare History Project<br /><a href="http://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/education/kindergartens-a-history-1886/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Free Kindergartens</a>, Social Welfare History Project<br /><a href="http://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/child-welfarechild-labor/place-kindergarten-child-saving-1900/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Place of the Kindergarten in Child-Saving</a>, Social Welfare History Project
Students washing hands before lunch, old Cary Street School (Madison School).
<p>Students from the old Cary Street School (Madison School) in Richmond, Va., demonstrate handwashing before having lunch. Washing hands regularly with soap and water remains one of the most important steps in preventing the spread of many illnesses.</p>
<p>The school was located at 219 W. Cary Street, Richmond, Va. The photograph was taken in the early-20th century.<br /><br /></p>
V.56.177.03, <a href="https://thevalentine.org/exhibition/pandemic-richmond-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Valentine</a>
The Valentine
<span>This Work has been digitized in a public-private partnership. As part of this partnership, the partners have agreed to limit commercial uses of this digital representation of the Work by third parties. You can, without permission, copy, modify, distribute, display, or perform the Item, for non-commercial uses. For any other permissible uses, please review the terms and conditions of the organization that has made the Item available. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/</a><br /></span>
Learn more: <br />Bonis, R. (2010) <a href="https://theshockoeexaminer.blogspot.com/2010/05/madison-school-corner-cary-and-madison.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Madison School, Corner Cary and Madison St. (1872-1973) and Playground Kids, 1940s.</a> The Shockoe Examiner (blog).
“Open-air” classroom at Moore Street School, 1113 W. Moore Street, Richmond, Va.
<p>In the early-20th century, Europe and the U.S. saw the rise of “open air” schools intended to create healthy environments to combat tuberculosis using the principles of sanatoria. Sometimes purpose-built, and sometimes converted spaces, open air schools provided fresh air and extra nutrition for at-risk youth. <br /><br />In the May 1917 issue of <em>The Modern City</em>, John H. Ferguson wrote about Richmond’s 16 open air schools: “Each school has a capacity of 20 children; and each one is always crowded, with a long waiting list. The children are selected from the entire public school system of the city by the school physician…Few of these children have tuberculosis even in its non-communicative forms, but they are all below par, physically, just in the right receptive condition to be fertile soil for the development of the disease.” <br /><br />A <em>Richmond Times-Dispatch </em>notice of March 2, 1915 (p. 7) noted fundraising activities of "prominent society women" in support of the open-air schools. These women served as tearoom hostesses in the palm garden of the Jefferson Hotel. Indoor golf was a popular activity for which "two handsome silver cups" were to be awarded at the conclusion of the season.</p>
Cook, Huestis P. (photographer)
Cook 1657, <a href="https://thevalentine.org/exhibition/pandemic-richmond-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cook Collection</a>, The Valentine
1916
The Valentine
<span>This Work has been digitized in a public-private partnership. As part of this partnership, the partners have agreed to limit commercial uses of this digital representation of the Work by third parties. You can, without permission, copy, modify, distribute, display, or perform the Item, for non-commercial uses. For any other permissible uses, please review the terms and conditions of the organization that has made the Item available. </span><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/issues/public-health/tuberculosis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tuberculosis</a>, Social Welfare History Project <br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=tuberculosis" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tuberculosis</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal<br />Carr, Laura (2017). <a href="https://thevalentine.org/open-air-schools/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Open air schools: The fight against tuberculosis</a>. The Valentine (blog) <br /><a href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=open+air+schools&id=ED542176" target="_blank" title="Open-Air Schools, 1916" rel="noreferrer noopener">Open-Air Schools</a>. Bulletin 1916, No. 23. Bureau of Education. Department of the Interior. via ERIC <br /><a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/search/?q=LOT%205338&fi=number&op=PHRASE&va=exact&co!=coll&sg=true&st=gallery" target="_blank" title="Goldsberry collection of open-air school photograhs, LoC" rel="noreferrer noopener">Goldsberry collection of open-air school photographs</a>, Library of Congress <br /><a href="https://retronaut.com/content/1930s-open-air-schools" target="_blank" title="photos of Open-Air Schools in the UK" rel="noreferrer noopener">1930s: Open-Air Schools</a>, Retronaut <br /><a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081662318;view=2up;seq=888" target="_blank" title="Does Cold Weather Sharpen a Schoolboy's Wits?" rel="noreferrer noopener">Does Cold Weather Sharpen a Schoolboy's Wits?</a> The Scrap Book, 1908. pp. 883-884. via HathiTrust.org <br />Nierenberg, A. (2019 October 27). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/27/us/outdoor-classroom-design.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="article on outside classrooms to prevent the spread of disease">Classrooms without walls and hopefully covid</a>. <em>New York Times.</em><span></span>
Pilgrimage of Prayer for Public Schools, January 1, 1959 [broadside]
Broadside advertising A Pilgrimage of Prayer for Public Schools, January 1, 1959 in Richmond, Va. At this event, organizers played a seven-minute pre-recorded message from Dr. King. A <a href="The%20Martin%20Luther%20King,%20Jr.%20Research%20and%20Education%20Institute" target="_blank" title="transcription of Walker's letter to Dr. King" rel="noreferrer noopener">description of the event</a> by Wyatt Tee Walker as reported to Dr. King is available online. More than 1,500 people attended. <br /><br />Text: <br />Martin Luther King joins your Religious and Civic Leaders in Urging All Virginians to Come to Richmond in A Pilgrimage For Public Schools on EMANCIPATION DAY January 1, 1959. <br /><br />You will assemble at THE MOSQUE Laurel and Main Streets promptly at 2:30 P.M. <br /><br />"Let us not deceive ourselves! We have among us politicians who will not hesitate to CLOSE ALL PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN VIRGINIA. We must demonstrate to Virginia and the nation by our presence and action that we will not tolerate this crime against Virginia's children." --Dr. Philip Y. Wyatt <br /><br />WHICH WILL IT BE? Free Eduation? or Closed Schools? <br /><br />"Only through the preservation of a free, desegregated public school system can a people be fully emancipated from the shackles of prejudice and inequality. American democracy itself is at stake. This is your pilgrimage." --The Rev. Wyatt Tee Walker
M 306 Box 2, folder 8, <a href="https://archives.library.vcu.edu/repositories/5/resources/145" target="_blank" title="finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">Richmond Crusade for Voters collection</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU LIbraries
1959
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
COPYRIGHT UNDETERMINED<br /><br />The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><br /><a href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/wyatt-tee-walker-1#ftnref6" target="_blank" title="Transcription of letter" rel="noreferrer noopener">Text of letter from Wyatt Tee Walker, pastor of Gillfield Baptist Church in Petersburg, to Martin Luther King, Jr.</a> reporting on a 1 January Prayer Pilgrimage to protest the efforts of Virginia officials to block public school integration. Stanford University, The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute. <br /><br /><a href="https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/11237274" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leaflet. Passive Resisance to Massive Resistance</a>. Leaflet with photographs of the Prayer Pilgrimage. Digital Collections. Yale University Library.<br /><br /><div><a href="http://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/brown/pilgrimage.htm" target="_blank" title="Program for the Pilgrimage of Prayer in Richmond, VA" rel="noreferrer noopener">Program, Pilgrimage of Prayer for Public Schools, January 1, 1959.</a> Library of Virginia.<br /><br /></div>
<a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=massive+resistance" target="_blank" title="Massive resistance materials" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massive resistance</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Massive_Resistance" target="_blank" title="Massive resistance" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massive resistance</a>, <em>Encyclopedia Virginia. <br /></em><br /><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/23/obituaries/wyatt-tee-walker-dead.html" target="_blank" title="NYT Obituary" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wyatt Tee Walker, Dr. King's Strategist and a Harlem Leader, Dies at 88</a>, <em>The New York Times. <br /></em><br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Martin+Luther+King+Jr." target="_blank" title="items related to MLK, Jr." rel="noreferrer noopener">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal.