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                <text>Learn more: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Southern+Frontier" target="_blank" title="Issues of The Southern Frontier" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;The Southern Frontier&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/em&gt; Social Welfare History Image Portal &lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/civil-war-reconstruction/jim-crow-laws-andracial-segregation/" target="_blank" title="Jim Crow Laws" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Jim Crow Laws and Racial Segregation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;, Social Welfare History Project &lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>Interracial News Service vol. 9, no. 5, February 1938</text>
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                <text>A news digest published by the Department of Race Relations, Federal Council of Churches, New York, NY. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Federal Council of Churches was an ecumenical association of Protestant denominations in the United States founded in Philadelphia in 1908. It merged with other ecumenical bodies in 1950 to form the present day National Council of Churches. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Masthead: "Gleanings from press releases and other sources to inform busy but sincere people of some of the things affecting the lives of racial minorities. Let's do away with walls ! 'We are all one in Christ Jesus.'&lt;br /&gt;The Material in the News Service is given for information and is not to be construed as declarations of official attitudes or policies of the Department of Race Relations or the Federal Council of Churches."&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This issue contains tributes to James Weldon Johnson following his death in an automobile accident. Also marked is the death of Arthur A. Schomburg, America's foremost collector of books on African Americans and curator of the largest and rarest collection of its type in the United States.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Other topics and articles include:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"K.U. Medical School Opens Doors to Negro Students"&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;"Ask American Bar to Admit Negro Lawyers"&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;"Ga. Governor Removes Shakles in Prison Reform" (also removed from Georgia prisions were the sweat-box, and whippings with cat-o-nine tails)&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;"Blue and Gray Vets Gather at Gettysburg" (75th Anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg)&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;"Cotton Picker May Displace Negro Workers" (regarding the Rust Brothers cotton picker)&lt;br /&gt;"Italians 'Aryan' Race Purity Urged" (regarding the purge of Jews from Italy)&lt;br /&gt;"Vassar Pact Pledges Aid to Minorities" (World Youth Congress at Vassar College)</text>
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                <text>The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/"&gt;http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Learn more:&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Southern+Frontier" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Issues of The Southern Frontier"&gt;The Southern Frontier&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;Social Welfare History Image Portal&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/civil-war-reconstruction/jim-crow-laws-andracial-segregation/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Jim Crow Laws"&gt;Jim Crow Laws and Racial Segregation&lt;/a&gt;, Social Welfare History Project&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://newspaperarchives.vassar.edu/cgi-bin/vassar?a=d&amp;amp;d=vq19381001-01.2.6" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Vassar Peace Pact"&gt;Vassar Peace Pact&lt;/a&gt; (1938).&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Vassar Quarterly&lt;/em&gt;, Volume XXIV, Number 1, 1 October 1938, Vassar newspaper archives.</text>
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                <text>Interracial News Service, vol. 10, no. 1, January 1939</text>
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                <text>A news digest published by the Department of Race Relations, Federal Council of Churches, New York, NY. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Federal Council of Churches was an ecumenical association of Protestant denominations in the United States founded in Philadelphia in 1908. It merged with other ecumenical bodies in 1950 to form the present day National Council of Churches. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Masthead: "Gleanings from press releases and other sources to inform busy but sincere people of some of the things affecting the lives of racial minorities. Let's do away with walls ! 'We are all one in Christ Jesus.'&lt;br /&gt;The Material in the News Service is given for information and is not to be construed as declarations of official attitudes or policies of the Department of Race Relations or the Federal Council of Churches." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Articles and topics in this issue include:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;p. 1 "Editor Fears Results of Educational Equality" discusses a statement made by Virginius Dabney, editor of the Richmond &lt;em&gt;Times-Dispatch&lt;/em&gt; that admitting African Americans to institutions of higher education would be harmful to racial relations in Virginia. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;p. 2 "Birmingham is Scene of Liberal Conference" about the Southern Conference for Human Welfare, held Nov. 20-23, 1938. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Negroes Denied Ballot Indians Vote Freely" a case from Clinton, NC&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;p. 3 "Truck Driver Lynched for Asking Favor" regarding the death of Wilder McGowan in Mississippi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"White Women of South Condemn Lynch Evil" the Mississippi Council of the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching condemned McGowan's lunching. The article relates, "One-fourth of Wiggins [Mississippi] took part in the lynching party. 'It was very orderly,' contends Sheriff S. C. Hinton." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Negroes and Anti-Semitism"&lt;br /&gt;"What About Lynching?"&lt;br /&gt;"Negroes Pray for Jews"&lt;br /&gt;"Shall We Hate the Jews?"  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;p.4  "The German press has retaliated to American protests as quoted by the N.Y &lt;em&gt;Herald-Tribune&lt;/em&gt; for Nov. 16th and 20th... 'The "Voelkischer Beobachter" said that 'the Americans, who continue to treat their Negroes as second class citizens and in whose country lynch justice is, so to speak, good manners, are the least warranted to take upon themselves the role of moral sympathizers'"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"F.D.R. Told of Ban on Skilled Negro Workers" &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Steps Toward Solving the Negro Problem" discusses the increasing poverty, incarceration, and tuberculosis of African Americans in Washington, DC. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Working Condition, Wages Large Factors in Life Expectancy" regarding the disparity between the life expectancy of blacks and whites as reported by the Surgeon General of the United States.</text>
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                <text>Interracial News Service, vol. 10, no. 5. October, 1939 </text>
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                <text>Learn more: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Southern+Frontier" target="_blank" title="Issues of The Southern Frontier" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;The Southern Frontier&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/em&gt; Social Welfare History Image Portal &lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/civil-war-reconstruction/jim-crow-laws-andracial-segregation/" target="_blank" title="Jim Crow Laws" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Jim Crow Laws and Racial Segregation&lt;/a&gt;, Social Welfare History Project</text>
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                <text>Interracial News Service, vol. 11, no. 1. January 1940</text>
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                <text>A news digest published by the Department of Race Relations, Federal Council of Churches, New York, NY. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Federal Council of Churches was an ecumenical association of Protestant denominations in the United States founded in Philadelphia in 1908. It merged with other ecumenical bodies in 1950 to form the present day National Council of Churches. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Masthead: "Gleanings from press releases and other sources to inform busy but sincere people of some of the things affecting the lives of racial minorities. Let's do away with walls ! 'We are all one in Christ Jesus.'&lt;br /&gt;The Material in the News Service is given for information and is not to be construed as declarations of official attitudes or policies of the Department of Race Relations or the Federal Council of Churches." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This issue takes a look back at 1939, noting important stories and trends. Topics include lynchings, jobs and organized labor, peonage, housing, civil rights, health, law, spots, arts, religion, literature, World War 2, and science.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Selected notices:&lt;br /&gt;p. 1 "The Department of Records of Tuskegee Institute lists only three lynchings for the year 1939, a sharp decrease from former years. In eighteen instances law enforcement officers were credited with preventing lynchings, saving twenty-five persons from 'the hands of mobs,'" &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;p. 2 "The right to vote has been sought with new vigor by Negroes in Southern states. The Klan was revived in an effort to terrify Negroes and keep them from registering in Florida and South Carolina...." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The refusal of library service was dramatized in Alexandria, Va., where the public librarian called the police to remove five colored youths who sought service in this public institution. Mrs. Mary McLeod Bethune, Director of Negro Affairs for the NYA reported at a meeting of the Southern Education Foundation that only 14 per cent of 509 public libraries in 13 Southern stataes provided service for Negroes."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Health facilities for Negroes are notably lacking. A study in Mississippi made by the American Medical Association showed that there was only one Negro physician for each 14,221 colored persons and only 731 beds in general hospitals for the entire Negro population of more than a million in the state. It is estimated that 75 per cent of the deaths from tuberculosis are Negroes but only 40 beds are available for their care. This represents the worst type of situation." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;p. 3  "Joe Louis world's heavyweight champion, defended his title four times in 1939." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Marian Anderson, internationally known contralto, soared to new heights when she sang to 75,000 and a nationwide radio audience from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, after exclusion by the D. A. R. from using Constitution Hall." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The threatened growth of anti-Semitism has intensified the study of race relations and many church groups have broadened their consideration of race to include this problem." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues issued a statement declaring that experiments showed no characteristic inherent psychological differences to distinguish so-called 'races.'" &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"From the American Jewish Committee, New York...&lt;br /&gt;Stimulated by the meeting between representatives of the Jewish press and Negro organizations held at the end of September, the Jewish press in the United States has undertaken a systemic campaign to improve relations between Negroes and Jews."</text>
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                <text>Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="3165">
                <text>NO KNOWN COPYRIGHT &lt;br /&gt;The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/"&gt;http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Learn more: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Southern+Frontier" target="_blank" title="Issues of The Southern Frontier" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;The Southern Frontier&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/em&gt; Social Welfare History Image Portal &lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/civil-war-reconstruction/jim-crow-laws-andracial-segregation/" target="_blank" title="Jim Crow Laws" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Jim Crow Laws and Racial Segregation&lt;/a&gt;, Social Welfare History Project</text>
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                <text>Bond, issued in 1917 in return for a donationof $1.00 toward the construction of Piedmont Sanatorium. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Piedmont Sanatorium was established in Burkeville, Virginia, in June, 1918. At that time, tuberculosis was one of the leading causes of death for African Americans, but segregated health care in Virginia dictated that blacks could receive treatment in only two facilities—Central State Hospital (a mental health facility) and the state penitentiary. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The &lt;a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/negro_organization_society" target="_blank" title="Negro Organization Society" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Negro Organization Society&lt;/a&gt; initiated discussions with the State Board of Health, particularly Agnes D. Randolph, the Director of the Bureau of Tuberculosis Education. Randolph was instrumental in convincing the state government to establish a facility for African Americans. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Negro Organization Society continued to be heavily involved with the issue, from raising public awareness to donating funds to improve the facility. Piedmont Sanatorium had closed by 1965, when black patients began to be sent to Blue Ridge Sanatorium, near Charlottesville. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Excerpt: &lt;br /&gt;"This Bond is issued for the purpose of cooperation with the Negro Organization Society to erect and to equip one Building to be used for the patients and to include rooms for visiting Doctors who shall from time to time be invited for study to the Sanatorium. The purchaser hereby receives a share in the benefit and happiness to be derived."</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://librarycatalog.virginiahistory.org/final/Portal/Default.aspx?component=AAAAIY&amp;amp;record=029b3095-369e-4ce6-9e5c-7de76f69b6a1" target="_blank" title="Manuscripts, Mss4 P5957 a 1" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Manuscripts, Call Number Mss4 P5957 a 1&lt;/a&gt;, Library of the Virginia Museum of History &amp;amp; Culture, Virginia Historical Society</text>
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                <text>NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES&lt;br /&gt;The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Acknowledgement of the Virginia Historical Society as a source is requested.</text>
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                <text>Pilgrimage of Prayer for Public Schools, January 1, 1959  [broadside]</text>
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                <text>Broadside advertising A Pilgrimage of Prayer for Public Schools, January 1, 1959 in Richmond, Va. At this event, organizers played a seven-minute pre-recorded message from Dr. King. A &lt;a href="The%20Martin%20Luther%20King,%20Jr.%20Research%20and%20Education%20Institute" target="_blank" title="transcription of Walker's letter to Dr. King" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;description of the event&lt;/a&gt; by Wyatt Tee Walker as reported to Dr. King is available online. More than 1,500 people attended. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Text: &lt;br /&gt;Martin Luther King joins your Religious and Civic Leaders in Urging All Virginians to Come to Richmond in A Pilgrimage For Public Schools on EMANCIPATION DAY January 1, 1959. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You will assemble at THE MOSQUE Laurel and Main Streets promptly at 2:30 P.M. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Let us not deceive ourselves! We have among us politicians who will not hesitate to CLOSE ALL PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN VIRGINIA. We must demonstrate to Virginia and the nation by our presence and action that we will not tolerate this crime against Virginia's children." --Dr.  Philip Y. Wyatt &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;WHICH WILL IT BE? Free Eduation? or Closed Schools? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Only through the preservation of a free, desegregated public school system can a people be fully emancipated from the shackles of prejudice and inequality. American democracy itself is at stake. This is your pilgrimage." --The Rev. Wyatt Tee Walker</text>
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                <text>M 306 Box 2, folder 8, &lt;a href="https://archives.library.vcu.edu/repositories/5/resources/145" target="_blank" title="finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Richmond Crusade for Voters collection&lt;/a&gt;, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU LIbraries</text>
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                <text>Learn more: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/wyatt-tee-walker-1#ftnref6" target="_blank" title="Transcription of letter" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Text of letter from Wyatt Tee Walker, pastor of Gillfield Baptist Church in Petersburg, to Martin Luther King, Jr.&lt;/a&gt; reporting on a 1 January Prayer Pilgrimage to protest the efforts of Virginia officials to block public school integration. Stanford University, The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/11237274" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Leaflet. Passive Resisance to Massive Resistance&lt;/a&gt;. Leaflet with photographs of the Prayer Pilgrimage.  Digital Collections. Yale University Library.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/brown/pilgrimage.htm" target="_blank" title="Program for the Pilgrimage of Prayer in Richmond, VA" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Program, Pilgrimage of Prayer for Public Schools, January 1, 1959.&lt;/a&gt; Library of Virginia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=massive+resistance" target="_blank" title="Massive resistance materials" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Massive resistance&lt;/a&gt;, Social Welfare History Image Portal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Massive_Resistance" target="_blank" title="Massive resistance" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Massive resistance&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Encyclopedia Virginia. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/23/obituaries/wyatt-tee-walker-dead.html" target="_blank" title="NYT Obituary" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Wyatt Tee Walker, Dr. King's Strategist and a Harlem Leader, Dies at 88&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;em&gt;The New York Times. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Martin+Luther+King+Jr." target="_blank" title="items related to MLK, Jr." rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Martin Luther King, Jr.&lt;/a&gt;, Social Welfare History Image Portal.</text>
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                <text>Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries</text>
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                <text>The Southern Frontier, vol. 2, no. 2</text>
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                <text>Published by Commission on Interracial Cooperation (CIC), The Southern Frontier was a monthly newsletter, first issued in January, 1940. Aiming to share the stories overlooked by traditional newspapers, the newsletter published stories of social progress, as well as stories of racial injustices faced by African Americans across the American South. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; As described by then President of the CIC Howard W. Odum, the name &lt;em&gt;The Southern Frontier&lt;/em&gt; alludes to the need for even greater pioneering and progress in the social and cultural frontiers, the American South being the most turbulent field in reference to race relations and progress at the time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Vol. 2, No. 1 contains contributions by:&lt;br /&gt; J. W. Haywood&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Selected articles are:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; “The South Has a `Bottleneck’” – An article describing the South as an environment common with incidents of governmental discrimination towards black citizens, as well as acts of goodwill on the parts of individual white citizens, but that are in turn done in silence or in secrecy to avoid backlash from governing or administrating entities.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; “Negro Soldiers Want White Commander” – An article describing a case in which a platoon of black soldiers holding resentment over being assigned a black commander. The article provides analysis of this story, one from a white southerner perspective, the other from a black southerner perspective. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Negroes Enter Army Aviation" discusses the formation of the &lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen" target="_blank" title="Tuskegee Airmen" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Tuskegee Airmen&lt;/a&gt;. The article notes that the (Negro) National Airmen's Association opposes segregation in the military.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://www.austinseminary.edu/page.cfm?p=3050" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Jessie Daniel Ames Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching collection, 1930-1944&lt;/a&gt;, Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Seminary Library</text>
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                <text>NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Learn more: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/pin-lapel-airmens-association-america" target="_blank" title="Lapel pin, Smithsonian, NASM" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Lapel pin&lt;/a&gt;, Airmen's Association of America, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pullen, Ann Ellis (2013). "&lt;a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/commission-interracial-cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Commission on Interracial Cooperation&lt;/a&gt;" New Georgia Encyclopedia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Commission+on+Interracial+Cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Commission on Interracial Cooperation&lt;/a&gt;, Social Welfare History Image Portal</text>
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                <text>Published by Commission on Interracial Cooperation (CIC), The Southern Frontier was a monthly newsletter, first issued in January, 1940. Aiming to share the stories overlooked by traditional newspapers, the newsletter published stories of social progress, as well as stories of racial injustices faced by African Americans across the American South. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As described by the then President of the CIC Howard W. Odum, the name The Southern Frontier alludes to the need for even greater pioneering and progress in the social and cultural frontiers, the American South being the most turbulent field in reference to race relations and progress at the time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vol. 2, No. 3 contains contributions by:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dr. Horace Mann Bond&lt;br /&gt;Arthur L. Coleman&lt;br /&gt;John Temple Graves II&lt;br /&gt;L. R. Reynolds&lt;br /&gt;C. H. Tobias&lt;br /&gt;D. E. Williams&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Selected articles are:&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The Southern Negro as a Consumer"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“A Blurred Mirror Distorts the Image” – Dr. Horace Mann Bond, President of Fort Valley State College, speaking in Chicago on Race Relations Sunday. Bond speaks on the negative stereotypes and perception of Black people in dominant American culture and the dangers posed to the psyche of the Black community.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Negroes have their own News Sources” – A commentary on the value of Black newspapers and how stories are presented differently than in White newspapers</text>
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                <text>Commission on Interracial Cooperation</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://www.austinseminary.edu/page.cfm?p=3050" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Jessie Daniel Ames Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching collection, 1930-1944&lt;/a&gt;, Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Seminary Library</text>
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                <text>1941 March</text>
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                <text>Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary Library</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="3457">
                <text>NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Learn more:&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pullen, Ann Ellis (2013). "&lt;a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/commission-interracial-cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Commission on Interracial Cooperation&lt;/a&gt;" New Georgia Encyclopedia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Commission+on+Interracial+Cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Commission on Interracial Cooperation&lt;/a&gt;, Social Welfare History Image Portal</text>
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                  <text>Virginia Museum of History &amp; Culture</text>
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                <text>Classroom Desegregation Will Never Work [broadside]</text>
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                <text>This broadside asserts “there is a basic, inherent mental difference between the races,” citing IQ tests and a booklet by Henry E. Garrett, &lt;em&gt;How Classroom Desegregation Will Work&lt;/em&gt; (1966). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Garrett_(psychologist)" target="_blank" title="biographical information on Wikipedia" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Henry Garrett&lt;/a&gt; was at the forefront of a resurgence of racial pseudoscience in the mid-twentieth century. He argued for segregation in &lt;em&gt;Davis v. County School Board&lt;/em&gt; (one of the cases in Brown v. Board), compiled a pamphlet of his essays for the white supremacist &lt;a href="http://www.citizenscouncils.com/" target="_blank" title="About Citizens' Council" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Citizens’ Council&lt;/a&gt;, and his views were used to forward the work of other eugenicists.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Excerpts:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That is why Classroom Desegregation will&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;never&lt;/em&gt; work: There is a basic, inherent mental difference between the races. If you mix the classrooms and gear the standards to Negroes, you deny White children their optimum chance. If you gear the standards to White mentality, you develop frustrations on the part of Negroes, with subsequent antagonisms, drop-outs, and "delinquencies...."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Race differences, as an issue, is the overriding problem of our time. These differences are something too few of us know about. Now is the time to learn, before it is too late. If you&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;know&lt;/em&gt; what you are talking about, you can help defeat Black Power. Only the truth will keep us free.</text>
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                <text>unknown</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://librarycatalog.virginiahistory.org/final/Portal/Default.aspx?component=AAAAIY&amp;amp;record=c231aee4-2016-4cb4-94cf-363c83f66aff"&gt;General collection, Call Number LC214.2 .C614 196-?&lt;/a&gt;, Library of the Virginia Museum of History and Culture, Virginia Historical Society</text>
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                <text>The Patrick Henry Press, Richmond, Virginia</text>
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                <text>1960s</text>
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                <text>Virginia Museum of History and Culture, Virginia Historical Society</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="3754">
                <text>&lt;p&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Acknowledgement of the Virginia Historical Society as a source is requested.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Learn more:&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Door, Gregory Michael (2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Segregation’s Science: Eugenics and Society in Virginia&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_M._Shuey" target="_blank" title="biographical information on Audrey Shuey, student of Henry Garrett" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Shuey, Audrey M&lt;/a&gt;. (1966). &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="https://archive.org/details/1966ShueyThetestingofnegrointelligencevol1/page/n1" target="_blank" title="The Testing of Negro Intelligence" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;The Testing of Negro Intelligence&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;second&amp;nbsp;edition.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Campbell, A. W. (2018). &lt;a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/issues/discrimination/influence-controversy-races-mankind-brotherhood-man/" target="_blank" title="The Races of Mankind" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Influence and Controversy. The Races of Mankind and The Brotherhood of Man&lt;/a&gt;. Social Welfare History Project.</text>
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        <name>Henry E. Garrett</name>
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