Classroom Desegregation Will Never Work [broadside]
This broadside asserts “there is a basic, inherent mental difference between the races,” citing IQ tests and a booklet by Henry E. Garrett, <em>How Classroom Desegregation Will Work</em> (1966). <br /><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Garrett_(psychologist)" target="_blank" title="biographical information on Wikipedia" rel="noreferrer noopener">Henry Garrett</a> was at the forefront of a resurgence of racial pseudoscience in the mid-twentieth century. He argued for segregation in <em>Davis v. County School Board</em> (one of the cases in Brown v. Board), compiled a pamphlet of his essays for the white supremacist <a href="http://www.citizenscouncils.com/" target="_blank" title="About Citizens' Council" rel="noreferrer noopener">Citizens’ Council</a>, and his views were used to forward the work of other eugenicists. <br /><br />Excerpts:<br /><br />That is why Classroom Desegregation will <em>never</em> work: There is a basic, inherent mental difference between the races. If you mix the classrooms and gear the standards to Negroes, you deny White children their optimum chance. If you gear the standards to White mentality, you develop frustrations on the part of Negroes, with subsequent antagonisms, drop-outs, and "delinquencies...."<br /><br />Race differences, as an issue, is the overriding problem of our time. These differences are something too few of us know about. Now is the time to learn, before it is too late. If you <em>know</em> what you are talking about, you can help defeat Black Power. Only the truth will keep us free.
unknown
<a href="http://librarycatalog.virginiahistory.org/final/Portal/Default.aspx?component=AAAAIY&record=c231aee4-2016-4cb4-94cf-363c83f66aff">General collection, Call Number LC214.2 .C614 196-?</a>, Library of the Virginia Museum of History and Culture, Virginia Historical Society
The Patrick Henry Press, Richmond, Virginia
1960s
Virginia Museum of History and Culture, Virginia Historical Society
<p>NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES</p>
<p><br />The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a><br /><br />Acknowledgement of the Virginia Historical Society as a source is requested.</p>
Learn more: <br /><br />Door, Gregory Michael (2008). <em>Segregation’s Science: Eugenics and Society in Virginia <br /><br /></em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_M._Shuey" target="_blank" title="biographical information on Audrey Shuey, student of Henry Garrett" rel="noreferrer noopener">Shuey, Audrey M</a>. (1966). <em><a href="https://archive.org/details/1966ShueyThetestingofnegrointelligencevol1/page/n1" target="_blank" title="The Testing of Negro Intelligence" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Testing of Negro Intelligence</a>, </em>second edition. <br /><br />Campbell, A. W. (2018). <a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/issues/discrimination/influence-controversy-races-mankind-brotherhood-man/" target="_blank" title="The Races of Mankind" rel="noreferrer noopener">Influence and Controversy. The Races of Mankind and The Brotherhood of Man</a>. Social Welfare History Project.
The Southern Frontier, vol. 2, no. 3
Published by Commission on Interracial Cooperation (CIC), The Southern Frontier was a monthly newsletter, first issued in January, 1940. Aiming to share the stories overlooked by traditional newspapers, the newsletter published stories of social progress, as well as stories of racial injustices faced by African Americans across the American South. <br /><br />As described by the then President of the CIC Howard W. Odum, the name The Southern Frontier alludes to the need for even greater pioneering and progress in the social and cultural frontiers, the American South being the most turbulent field in reference to race relations and progress at the time.<br /><br />Vol. 2, No. 3 contains contributions by:<br /><br />Dr. Horace Mann Bond<br />Arthur L. Coleman<br />John Temple Graves II<br />L. R. Reynolds<br />C. H. Tobias<br />D. E. Williams<br /><br />Selected articles are: <br /><br />"The Southern Negro as a Consumer"<br /><br />“A Blurred Mirror Distorts the Image” – Dr. Horace Mann Bond, President of Fort Valley State College, speaking in Chicago on Race Relations Sunday. Bond speaks on the negative stereotypes and perception of Black people in dominant American culture and the dangers posed to the psyche of the Black community.<br /><br />“Negroes have their own News Sources” – A commentary on the value of Black newspapers and how stories are presented differently than in White newspapers
Commission on Interracial Cooperation
<a href="https://www.austinseminary.edu/page.cfm?p=3050" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jessie Daniel Ames Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching collection, 1930-1944</a>, Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Seminary Library
1941 March
Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary Library
NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES<br /><br />The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><br />Pullen, Ann Ellis (2013). "<a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/commission-interracial-cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a>" New Georgia Encyclopedia.<br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Commission+on+Interracial+Cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal
The Southern Frontier, vol. 2, no. 2
Published by Commission on Interracial Cooperation (CIC), The Southern Frontier was a monthly newsletter, first issued in January, 1940. Aiming to share the stories overlooked by traditional newspapers, the newsletter published stories of social progress, as well as stories of racial injustices faced by African Americans across the American South. <br /><br /> As described by then President of the CIC Howard W. Odum, the name <em>The Southern Frontier</em> alludes to the need for even greater pioneering and progress in the social and cultural frontiers, the American South being the most turbulent field in reference to race relations and progress at the time.<br /><br /> Vol. 2, No. 1 contains contributions by:<br /> J. W. Haywood<br /><br /> Selected articles are:<br /><br /> “The South Has a `Bottleneck’” – An article describing the South as an environment common with incidents of governmental discrimination towards black citizens, as well as acts of goodwill on the parts of individual white citizens, but that are in turn done in silence or in secrecy to avoid backlash from governing or administrating entities.<br /><br /> “Negro Soldiers Want White Commander” – An article describing a case in which a platoon of black soldiers holding resentment over being assigned a black commander. The article provides analysis of this story, one from a white southerner perspective, the other from a black southerner perspective. <br /><br />"Negroes Enter Army Aviation" discusses the formation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen" target="_blank" title="Tuskegee Airmen" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tuskegee Airmen</a>. The article notes that the (Negro) National Airmen's Association opposes segregation in the military.
Commission on Interracial Cooperation
<a href="https://www.austinseminary.edu/page.cfm?p=3050" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jessie Daniel Ames Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching collection, 1930-1944</a>, Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Seminary Library
1941 February
Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary Library
NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES<br /><br />The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><br /><a href="https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/pin-lapel-airmens-association-america" target="_blank" title="Lapel pin, Smithsonian, NASM" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lapel pin</a>, Airmen's Association of America, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian<br /><br />Pullen, Ann Ellis (2013). "<a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/commission-interracial-cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a>" New Georgia Encyclopedia.<br /><br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Commission+on+Interracial+Cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal
Pilgrimage of Prayer for Public Schools, January 1, 1959 [broadside]
Broadside advertising A Pilgrimage of Prayer for Public Schools, January 1, 1959 in Richmond, Va. At this event, organizers played a seven-minute pre-recorded message from Dr. King. A <a href="The%20Martin%20Luther%20King,%20Jr.%20Research%20and%20Education%20Institute" target="_blank" title="transcription of Walker's letter to Dr. King" rel="noreferrer noopener">description of the event</a> by Wyatt Tee Walker as reported to Dr. King is available online. More than 1,500 people attended. <br /><br />Text: <br />Martin Luther King joins your Religious and Civic Leaders in Urging All Virginians to Come to Richmond in A Pilgrimage For Public Schools on EMANCIPATION DAY January 1, 1959. <br /><br />You will assemble at THE MOSQUE Laurel and Main Streets promptly at 2:30 P.M. <br /><br />"Let us not deceive ourselves! We have among us politicians who will not hesitate to CLOSE ALL PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN VIRGINIA. We must demonstrate to Virginia and the nation by our presence and action that we will not tolerate this crime against Virginia's children." --Dr. Philip Y. Wyatt <br /><br />WHICH WILL IT BE? Free Eduation? or Closed Schools? <br /><br />"Only through the preservation of a free, desegregated public school system can a people be fully emancipated from the shackles of prejudice and inequality. American democracy itself is at stake. This is your pilgrimage." --The Rev. Wyatt Tee Walker
M 306 Box 2, folder 8, <a href="https://archives.library.vcu.edu/repositories/5/resources/145" target="_blank" title="finding aid" rel="noreferrer noopener">Richmond Crusade for Voters collection</a>, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU LIbraries
1959
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
COPYRIGHT UNDETERMINED<br /><br />The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><br /><a href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/wyatt-tee-walker-1#ftnref6" target="_blank" title="Transcription of letter" rel="noreferrer noopener">Text of letter from Wyatt Tee Walker, pastor of Gillfield Baptist Church in Petersburg, to Martin Luther King, Jr.</a> reporting on a 1 January Prayer Pilgrimage to protest the efforts of Virginia officials to block public school integration. Stanford University, The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute. <br /><br /><a href="https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/11237274" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leaflet. Passive Resisance to Massive Resistance</a>. Leaflet with photographs of the Prayer Pilgrimage. Digital Collections. Yale University Library.<br /><br /><div><a href="http://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/brown/pilgrimage.htm" target="_blank" title="Program for the Pilgrimage of Prayer in Richmond, VA" rel="noreferrer noopener">Program, Pilgrimage of Prayer for Public Schools, January 1, 1959.</a> Library of Virginia.<br /><br /></div>
<a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=massive+resistance" target="_blank" title="Massive resistance materials" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massive resistance</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Massive_Resistance" target="_blank" title="Massive resistance" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massive resistance</a>, <em>Encyclopedia Virginia. <br /></em><br /><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/23/obituaries/wyatt-tee-walker-dead.html" target="_blank" title="NYT Obituary" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wyatt Tee Walker, Dr. King's Strategist and a Harlem Leader, Dies at 88</a>, <em>The New York Times. <br /></em><br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Martin+Luther+King+Jr." target="_blank" title="items related to MLK, Jr." rel="noreferrer noopener">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal.
Bond, Piedmont Sanatorium
Bond, issued in 1917 in return for a donationof $1.00 toward the construction of Piedmont Sanatorium. <br /><br />The Piedmont Sanatorium was established in Burkeville, Virginia, in June, 1918. At that time, tuberculosis was one of the leading causes of death for African Americans, but segregated health care in Virginia dictated that blacks could receive treatment in only two facilities—Central State Hospital (a mental health facility) and the state penitentiary. <br /><br />The <a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/negro_organization_society" target="_blank" title="Negro Organization Society" rel="noreferrer noopener">Negro Organization Society</a> initiated discussions with the State Board of Health, particularly Agnes D. Randolph, the Director of the Bureau of Tuberculosis Education. Randolph was instrumental in convincing the state government to establish a facility for African Americans. <br /><br />The Negro Organization Society continued to be heavily involved with the issue, from raising public awareness to donating funds to improve the facility. Piedmont Sanatorium had closed by 1965, when black patients began to be sent to Blue Ridge Sanatorium, near Charlottesville. <br /><br />Excerpt: <br />"This Bond is issued for the purpose of cooperation with the Negro Organization Society to erect and to equip one Building to be used for the patients and to include rooms for visiting Doctors who shall from time to time be invited for study to the Sanatorium. The purchaser hereby receives a share in the benefit and happiness to be derived."
Piedmont Sanatorium
<a href="http://librarycatalog.virginiahistory.org/final/Portal/Default.aspx?component=AAAAIY&record=029b3095-369e-4ce6-9e5c-7de76f69b6a1" target="_blank" title="Manuscripts, Mss4 P5957 a 1" rel="noreferrer noopener">Manuscripts, Call Number Mss4 P5957 a 1</a>, Library of the Virginia Museum of History & Culture, Virginia Historical Society
1917
Virginia Museum of History & Culture, Virginia Historical Society
NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES<br />The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a><br /><br />Acknowledgement of the Virginia Historical Society as a source is requested.
Learn more: <br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/exhibits/show/white-plague--tuberculosis/gallery" target="_blank" title="The White Plague: Tuberculosis" rel="noreferrer noopener">The White Plague: Tuberculosis</a>, Discovery Set, Social Welfare History Image Portal<br /><a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/issues/poverty/tuberculosis/" target="_blank" title="Tuberculosis" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tuberculosis</a>, Social Welfare History Project<br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=tuberculosis" target="_blank" title="Materials related to Tuberculosis" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tuberculosis</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal <br /><a href="http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/alav/virginia/" target="_blank" title="Tuberculosis Sanatoriums in Virginia" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tuberculosis Sanatoriums in Virginia: Catawba, Piedmont, and Blue Ridge</a>, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia <br />France J. J. (1920). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2622470/pdf/jnma00821-0024.pdf" target="_blank" title="PDF of this article" rel="noreferrer noopener">A Post-Graduate Course in Tuberculosis at the Piedmont Sanatorium, Burkeville, Va.</a> Journal of the National Medical Association, 12(2), 16–21. (link to PDF) <br /><a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015067921224&view=2up&seq=348&size=125" target="_blank" title="Clean-Up Week informational publication" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Rules of Good Health and Directions for Spring Cleaning.</a> Prepared and Issued at the Request of the Negro Organization Society of Virginia (1917 April 5). Virginia Public Health Bulletin, <em>IX</em>(2) Extra.
Interracial News Service, vol. 11, no. 1. January 1940
A news digest published by the Department of Race Relations, Federal Council of Churches, New York, NY. <br /><br />The Federal Council of Churches was an ecumenical association of Protestant denominations in the United States founded in Philadelphia in 1908. It merged with other ecumenical bodies in 1950 to form the present day National Council of Churches. <br /><br />Masthead: "Gleanings from press releases and other sources to inform busy but sincere people of some of the things affecting the lives of racial minorities. Let's do away with walls ! 'We are all one in Christ Jesus.'<br />The Material in the News Service is given for information and is not to be construed as declarations of official attitudes or policies of the Department of Race Relations or the Federal Council of Churches." <br /><br />This issue takes a look back at 1939, noting important stories and trends. Topics include lynchings, jobs and organized labor, peonage, housing, civil rights, health, law, spots, arts, religion, literature, World War 2, and science.<br /><br />Selected notices:<br />p. 1 "The Department of Records of Tuskegee Institute lists only three lynchings for the year 1939, a sharp decrease from former years. In eighteen instances law enforcement officers were credited with preventing lynchings, saving twenty-five persons from 'the hands of mobs,'" <br /><br />p. 2 "The right to vote has been sought with new vigor by Negroes in Southern states. The Klan was revived in an effort to terrify Negroes and keep them from registering in Florida and South Carolina...." <br /><br />"The refusal of library service was dramatized in Alexandria, Va., where the public librarian called the police to remove five colored youths who sought service in this public institution. Mrs. Mary McLeod Bethune, Director of Negro Affairs for the NYA reported at a meeting of the Southern Education Foundation that only 14 per cent of 509 public libraries in 13 Southern stataes provided service for Negroes."<br /><br />"Health facilities for Negroes are notably lacking. A study in Mississippi made by the American Medical Association showed that there was only one Negro physician for each 14,221 colored persons and only 731 beds in general hospitals for the entire Negro population of more than a million in the state. It is estimated that 75 per cent of the deaths from tuberculosis are Negroes but only 40 beds are available for their care. This represents the worst type of situation." <br /><br />p. 3 "Joe Louis world's heavyweight champion, defended his title four times in 1939." <br /><br />"Marian Anderson, internationally known contralto, soared to new heights when she sang to 75,000 and a nationwide radio audience from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, after exclusion by the D. A. R. from using Constitution Hall." <br /><br />"The threatened growth of anti-Semitism has intensified the study of race relations and many church groups have broadened their consideration of race to include this problem." <br /><br />"The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues issued a statement declaring that experiments showed no characteristic inherent psychological differences to distinguish so-called 'races.'" <br /><br />"From the American Jewish Committee, New York...<br />Stimulated by the meeting between representatives of the Jewish press and Negro organizations held at the end of September, the Jewish press in the United States has undertaken a systemic campaign to improve relations between Negroes and Jews."
<a href="https://vcu-alma-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=VCU_ALMA21375204090001101&context=L&vid=VCUL&search_scope=all_scope&tab=all&lang=en_US" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="catalog entry">E 185.5.I68</a>, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Libraries, VCU Libraries
1940 January
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
NO KNOWN COPYRIGHT <br />The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><em><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Southern+Frontier" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Issues of The Southern Frontier">The Southern Frontier</a>,</em> Social Welfare History Image Portal <br /><a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/civil-war-reconstruction/jim-crow-laws-andracial-segregation/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Jim Crow Laws">Jim Crow Laws and Racial Segregation</a>, Social Welfare History Project
Interracial News Service, vol. 10, no. 5. October, 1939
A news digest published by the Department of Race Relations, Federal Council of Churches, New York, NY. <br /><br />The Federal Council of Churches was an ecumenical association of Protestant denominations in the United States founded in Philadelphia in 1908. It merged with other ecumenical bodies in 1950 to form the present day National Council of Churches. <br /><br />Masthead: "Gleanings from press releases and other sources to inform busy but sincere people of some of the things affecting the lives of racial minorities. Let's do away with walls ! 'We are all one in Christ Jesus.'<br />The Material in the News Service is given for information and is not to be construed as declarations of official attitudes or policies of the Department of Race Relations or the Federal Council of Churches." <br /><br />This issue begins with the section "Negroes and the War." "The outbreak of war in Europt has brought penetrating comments from Negroes. We quote from editorials in various papers--all published by Negroes." The use of black troops by colonial powers is denounced. <br /><br />Other items include a notice that Booker T. Washington is to be the first black American honored by the U. S. Government with his face on a postage stamp; the appointment of <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/10/obituaries/10bolin.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="NYTimes obituary for Jane Bolin">Jane Bolin</a> as the first African American woman judge; and the significant bequest of <a href="https://hamiltonhistorical.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="more about John W. Underhill">John W. Underhill</a> to Mays Landing, N.J. <br />
<a href="https://vcu-alma-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=VCU_ALMA21375204090001101&context=L&vid=VCUL&search_scope=all_scope&tab=all&lang=en_US" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="catalog entry">E 185.5.I68</a>, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Libraries, VCU Libraries
1939 October
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
NO KNOWN COPYRIGHT <br />The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><em><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Southern+Frontier" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Issues of The Southern Frontier">The Southern Frontier</a>,</em> Social Welfare History Image Portal <br /><a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/civil-war-reconstruction/jim-crow-laws-andracial-segregation/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Jim Crow Laws">Jim Crow Laws and Racial Segregation</a>, Social Welfare History Project
Interracial News Service, vol. 10, no. 6, December, 1939
A news digest published by the Department of Race Relations, Federal Council of Churches, New York, NY. <br /><br />The Federal Council of Churches was an ecumenical association of Protestant denominations in the United States founded in Philadelphia in 1908. It merged with other ecumenical bodies in 1950 to form the present day National Council of Churches. <br /><br />Masthead: "Gleanings from press releases and other sources to inform busy but sincere people of some of the things affecting the lives of racial minorities. Let's do away with walls ! 'We are all one in Christ Jesus.'<br />The Material in the News Service is given for information and is not to be construed as declarations of official attitudes or policies of the Department of Race Relations or the Federal Council of Churches." <br /><br />This issue contains numerous stories regarding efforts by African Americans to secure equal treatment in educational opportunity. One item reports the removal of "Little Black Sambo" from San Diego, Ca. kindergartens. <br /><br />There are also notices regarding issues of race and various Christian denominations. Other stories concern relief sent to Native Americans in areas hit by drought, the hiring of M. Leo Bohanon to the position of Director of Social Work in Minneapolis, Mn., and a story about the adoption of black children evacuated from London [in "Operation Pied Piper"] and the surprise they carried.
<a href="https://vcu-alma-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=VCU_ALMA21375204090001101&context=L&vid=VCUL&search_scope=all_scope&tab=all&lang=en_US" target="_blank" title="catalog entry" rel="noreferrer noopener">E 185.5.I68</a>, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Libraries, VCU Libraries
1939 December
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
NO KNOWN COPYRIGHT <br />The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><em><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Southern+Frontier" target="_blank" title="Issues of The Southern Frontier" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Southern Frontier</a>,</em> Social Welfare History Image Portal <br /><a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/civil-war-reconstruction/jim-crow-laws-andracial-segregation/" target="_blank" title="Jim Crow Laws" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jim Crow Laws and Racial Segregation</a>, Social Welfare History Project <br /><a href="http://archon.wulib.wustl.edu/?p=creators/creator&id=1157" target="_blank" title="archival materials related to M. Leo Bohanon" rel="noreferrer noopener">M. Leo Bohanon</a>, Department of Special Collections, Washington University Libraries <br /><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/06/19/what-world-war-iis-operation-pied-piper-taught-us-about-the-trauma-of-family-separations/?utm_term=.2dad577e144b" target="_blank" title="emotional experience of Operation Pied Piper" rel="noreferrer noopener">What World War II’s ‘Operation Pied Piper’ taught us about the trauma of family separations</a>, The Washington Post <br /><br />Annotate a <a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/files/original/f15879ba07d33a38fe29b6afbdc8fc9c.pdf" target="_blank" title="go to the PDF of this item" rel="noreferrer noopener">PDF of this document</a> with <a href="https://web.hypothes.is/" target="_blank" title="What is hypothes.is? How do I use it?" rel="noreferrer noopener">hypothes.is</a>
Interracial News Service, vol. 9, no. 4, June 1938
A news digest published by the Department of Race Relations, Federal Council of Churches, New York, NY. <br /><br />The Federal Council of Churches was an ecumenical association of Protestant denominations in the United States founded in Philadelphia in 1908. It merged with other ecumenical bodies in 1950 to form the present day National Council of Churches. <br /><br />Masthead: "Gleanings from press releases and other sources to inform busy but sincere people of some of the things affecting the lives of racial minorities. Let's do away with walls ! 'We are all one in Christ Jesus.'<br />The Material in the News Service is given for information and is not to be construed as declarations of official attitudes or policies of the Department of Race Relations or the Federal Council of Churches." <br /><br />Articles and topics in this issue include:<br /><br />"New Contracts Will Protect Sharecroppers" describing provisions under the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938. (p. 1)<br /><br />"Ethiopia's Farewell" about the defeat of Haile Selassie and the conquest of Ethiopia by Italian fascists. (p. 1ff)<br /><br />"Submits After 15 Days of Picketing" The Kroger Stores, Inc. hire the first African American clerk in the city of Dayton, OH (p. 2)<br /><br />"Yale U. Awards Fellowship to Young Teacher" recounts the awarding of a fellowship to Miss Lucille Sarah Baker, the first fellowship in general studies given to an African American. (p. 3)<br /><br />"34 Are Awarded Rosenwald Fellowships" (p. 3)<br /><br />"Uses Wife as Model; Wins Art Institute Award" about Thurmand Townsend's sculpture of his wife made in mud. (p. 4) <br /><br />The section, Race Issues in Church Circles, includes "Church Vs. Christianity," "Brave White Friends Need of Our Race," and "Negro and White Churches Must Unify." (p. 4)<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
<a href="https://vcu-alma-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=VCU_ALMA21375204090001101&context=L&vid=VCUL&search_scope=all_scope&tab=all&lang=en_US" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="catalog entry">E 185.5.I68</a>, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Libraries, VCU Libraries
June 1938
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><em><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Southern+Frontier" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Issues of The Southern Frontier">The Southern Frontier</a>,</em><span> Social Welfare History Image Portal </span><br /><a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/civil-war-reconstruction/jim-crow-laws-andracial-segregation/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Jim Crow Laws">Jim Crow Laws and Racial Segregation</a><span>, Social Welfare History Project </span>
Interracial News Service, vol. 10, no. 1, January 1939
A news digest published by the Department of Race Relations, Federal Council of Churches, New York, NY. <br /><br />The Federal Council of Churches was an ecumenical association of Protestant denominations in the United States founded in Philadelphia in 1908. It merged with other ecumenical bodies in 1950 to form the present day National Council of Churches. <br /><br />Masthead: "Gleanings from press releases and other sources to inform busy but sincere people of some of the things affecting the lives of racial minorities. Let's do away with walls ! 'We are all one in Christ Jesus.'<br />The Material in the News Service is given for information and is not to be construed as declarations of official attitudes or policies of the Department of Race Relations or the Federal Council of Churches." <br /><br />Articles and topics in this issue include:<br /><br />p. 1 "Editor Fears Results of Educational Equality" discusses a statement made by Virginius Dabney, editor of the Richmond <em>Times-Dispatch</em> that admitting African Americans to institutions of higher education would be harmful to racial relations in Virginia. <br /><br />p. 2 "Birmingham is Scene of Liberal Conference" about the Southern Conference for Human Welfare, held Nov. 20-23, 1938. <br /><br />"Negroes Denied Ballot Indians Vote Freely" a case from Clinton, NC<br /><br />p. 3 "Truck Driver Lynched for Asking Favor" regarding the death of Wilder McGowan in Mississippi<br /><br />"White Women of South Condemn Lynch Evil" the Mississippi Council of the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching condemned McGowan's lunching. The article relates, "One-fourth of Wiggins [Mississippi] took part in the lynching party. 'It was very orderly,' contends Sheriff S. C. Hinton." <br /><br />"Negroes and Anti-Semitism"<br />"What About Lynching?"<br />"Negroes Pray for Jews"<br />"Shall We Hate the Jews?" <br /><br />p.4 "The German press has retaliated to American protests as quoted by the N.Y <em>Herald-Tribune</em> for Nov. 16th and 20th... 'The "Voelkischer Beobachter" said that 'the Americans, who continue to treat their Negroes as second class citizens and in whose country lynch justice is, so to speak, good manners, are the least warranted to take upon themselves the role of moral sympathizers'"<br /><br />"F.D.R. Told of Ban on Skilled Negro Workers" <br /><br />"Steps Toward Solving the Negro Problem" discusses the increasing poverty, incarceration, and tuberculosis of African Americans in Washington, DC. <br /><br />"Working Condition, Wages Large Factors in Life Expectancy" regarding the disparity between the life expectancy of blacks and whites as reported by the Surgeon General of the United States.
<a href="https://vcu-alma-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=VCU_ALMA21375204090001101&context=L&vid=VCUL&search_scope=all_scope&tab=all&lang=en_US" target="_blank" title="catalog entry" rel="noreferrer noopener">E 185.5.I68</a>, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Libraries, VCU Libraries
1939 January
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><em><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Southern+Frontier" target="_blank" title="Issues of The Southern Frontier" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Southern Frontier</a>,</em> Social Welfare History Image Portal <br /><a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/civil-war-reconstruction/jim-crow-laws-andracial-segregation/" target="_blank" title="Jim Crow Laws" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jim Crow Laws and Racial Segregation</a>, Social Welfare History Project <br /><a href="http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1593" target="_blank" title="Southern Conference for Human Welfare" rel="noreferrer noopener">Southern Conference for Human Welfare</a>, Encyclopedia of Alabama <br /><br />Annotate a <a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/files/original/418882cb0452b3ef52e9f817dadf8ccb.pdf" target="_blank" title="PDF of Interracial News Service v.10, n.1" rel="noreferrer noopener">PDF of this image</a> with <a href="https://web.hypothes.is/" target="_blank" title="What is hypothes.is?" rel="noreferrer noopener">hypothes.is</a>
Interracial News Service vol. 9, no. 5, February 1938
A news digest published by the Department of Race Relations, Federal Council of Churches, New York, NY. <br /><br />The Federal Council of Churches was an ecumenical association of Protestant denominations in the United States founded in Philadelphia in 1908. It merged with other ecumenical bodies in 1950 to form the present day National Council of Churches. <br /><br />Masthead: "Gleanings from press releases and other sources to inform busy but sincere people of some of the things affecting the lives of racial minorities. Let's do away with walls ! 'We are all one in Christ Jesus.'<br />The Material in the News Service is given for information and is not to be construed as declarations of official attitudes or policies of the Department of Race Relations or the Federal Council of Churches." <br /><br />This issue contains tributes to James Weldon Johnson following his death in an automobile accident. Also marked is the death of Arthur A. Schomburg, America's foremost collector of books on African Americans and curator of the largest and rarest collection of its type in the United States. <br /><br />Other topics and articles include:<br /><br />"K.U. Medical School Opens Doors to Negro Students" <br />"Ask American Bar to Admit Negro Lawyers" <br />"Ga. Governor Removes Shakles in Prison Reform" (also removed from Georgia prisions were the sweat-box, and whippings with cat-o-nine tails) <br />"Blue and Gray Vets Gather at Gettysburg" (75th Anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg) <br />"Cotton Picker May Displace Negro Workers" (regarding the Rust Brothers cotton picker)<br />"Italians 'Aryan' Race Purity Urged" (regarding the purge of Jews from Italy)<br />"Vassar Pact Pledges Aid to Minorities" (World Youth Congress at Vassar College)
<a href="https://vcu-alma-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=VCU_ALMA21375204090001101&context=L&vid=VCUL&search_scope=all_scope&tab=all&lang=en_US" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="catalog entry">E 185.5.I68</a>, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Libraries, VCU Libraries
1938 February
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><em><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Southern+Frontier" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Issues of The Southern Frontier">The Southern Frontier</a>,</em> Social Welfare History Image Portal <br /><a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/civil-war-reconstruction/jim-crow-laws-andracial-segregation/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Jim Crow Laws">Jim Crow Laws and Racial Segregation</a>, Social Welfare History Project <br /><a href="https://newspaperarchives.vassar.edu/cgi-bin/vassar?a=d&d=vq19381001-01.2.6" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Vassar Peace Pact">Vassar Peace Pact</a> (1938). <em>Vassar Quarterly</em>, Volume XXIV, Number 1, 1 October 1938, Vassar newspaper archives.
Interracial News Service, vol.9 no.3, April 1938
A news digest published by the Department of Race Relations, Federal Council of Churches, New York, NY. <br /><br />The Federal Council of Churches was an ecumenical association of Protestant denominations in the United States founded in Philadelphia in 1908. It merged with other ecumenical bodies in 1950 to form the present day National Council of Churches. <br /><br />Masthead: "Gleanings from press releases and other sources to inform busy but sincere people of some of the things affecting the lives of racial minorities. Let's do away with walls ! 'We are all one in Christ Jesus.'<br />The Material in the News Service is given for information and is not to be construed as declarations of official attitudes or policies of the Department of Race Relations or the Federal Council of Churches."<br /><br />Articles and topics include: <br /><br />"War Preparations Bring Up Race Issues" <br />"Bill May Open Army Units to Race" <br />"The Anti-Lynching Bill" <br />"Residential Segregation" <br />"Connecticut Whites Fight to Oust Doctor" <br />"Md. Cafe Jim Crows Girl" <br />"Alabama Planter Indicted for Peonage" <br />"Singer Barred from Hotel" (regarding Marian Anderson) <br />"Wins National Novel Contest" (regarding Richard Wright) <br />"Girl, 6, Wins Again at N.Y. Philharmonic" (regarding child prodigy Philippa Schuyler) <br />"School Inequalities" <br />"Close Colored Schools in Mississippi"<br />"Upsetting the Stereotypes"
<a href="https://vcu-alma-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=VCU_ALMA21375204090001101&context=L&vid=VCUL&search_scope=all_scope&tab=all&lang=en_US" target="_blank" title="catalog entry" rel="noreferrer noopener">E 185.5.I68</a>, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Libraries, VCU Libraries
Federal Council of Churches
1938 April
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
<span>The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/</a><br /></span>
Learn more: <br /><em><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Southern+Frontier" target="_blank" title="Issues of The Southern Frontier" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Southern Frontier</a>,</em> Social Welfare History Image Portal <br /><a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/civil-war-reconstruction/jim-crow-laws-andracial-segregation/" target="_blank" title="Jim Crow Laws" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jim Crow Laws and Racial Segregation</a><span>, Social Welfare History Project </span>
Report, Segregation in the Field of Public and Private Law [excerpt]
This is the only known copy of the legal analysis that was used to justify the desegregation of Tulane University. <br /><br />In 1959, Joseph M. Jones, president of the Tulane Board of Administrators, approached a Tulane law student, David Campbell, and asked him to research all aspects of desegregation as they applied to higher education. Campbell delivered his report on September 4, 1959. <br /><br />The sixty-page report covered a wide swath of research into desegregation law, including areas to which it applied (jury cases, housing, the right to vote, restrictive covenants, labor unions, etc.), the Fourteenth Amendment, whether Tulane University was a private or public corporation, and laws and cases pertaining to Tulane. Campbell went on to graduate first in his class from Tulane Law School and earn a doctorate in law from Oxford University.<br /><br />Read the entire report through the <a href="https://digitallibrary.tulane.edu/islandora/object/tulane%3A83108" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Report, Segregation in the Field of Public and Private Law">Tulane University Digital Library</a>.
Campbell, David
<a href="http://archives.tulane.edu/repositories/3/resources/3261#summary" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Finding aid David Campbell papers">David Campbell papers</a>, Manuscripts Collection 1108, Box 9, Louisiana Research Collection, Howard-Tiltion Memorial Library, Tulane University
1959 September 4
Louisiana Research Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library
This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/</a>
The Southern Frontier, vol. 1, no. 12
Published by Commission on Interracial Cooperation (CIC), The Southern Frontier was a monthly newsletter, first issued in January, 1940. Aiming to share the stories overlooked by traditional newspapers, the newsletter published stories of social progress, as well as stories of racial injustices faced by African Americans across the American South. <br /><br />As described by the then President of the CIC Howard W. Odum, the name The Southern Frontier alludes to the need for even greater pioneering and progress in the social and cultural frontiers, the American South being the most turbulent field in reference to race relations and progress at the time.<br /><br />Vol. 1, No. 12 contains contributions by:<br /><br />Felton G. Clark<br />Charles S. Johnson<br /><br />Selected articles are:<br /><br />“The South, the Supreme Court and Negro Education” – An article concerning the obstacles faced by graduate education-seeking African Americas in the South. <br /><br />“Negroes Must Serve on Grand Juries” – An article condemning instances of purposefully excluding African Americans from serving on juries.
Commission on Interracial Cooperation
<a href="https://www.austinseminary.edu/page.cfm?p=3050" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jessie Daniel Ames Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching collection, 1930-1944</a>, Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Seminary Library
1940 December
Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary Library
The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><span>Pullen, Ann Ellis (2013). "<a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/commission-interracial-cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a><span>" New Georgia Encyclopedia.<br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Commission+on+Interracial+Cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal </span></span>
The Southern Frontier, vol. 1, no. 10
Published by Commission on Interracial Cooperation (CIC), The Southern Frontier was a monthly newsletter, first issued in January, 1940. Aiming to share the stories overlooked by traditional newspapers, the newsletter published stories of social progress, as well as stories of racial injustices faced by African Americans across the American South. <br /><br />As described by the then President of the CIC Howard W. Odum, the name The Southern Frontier alludes to the need for even greater pioneering and progress in the social and cultural frontiers, the American South being the most turbulent field in reference to race relations and progress at the time.<br /><br />Vol. 1, No. 10 contains contributions by:<br />N.C. Newbold<br />R. B. Eleazer<br /><br />Selected articles are:<br />“Commission Interracial Cooperation Holds Annual Meeting” – A recap of the annual meeting of the CIC, featuring highlights of the speech by President Odum, resolutions passed, new members elected, and the results of officer and director elections. <br /><br />"South Carolina Interracial Committee Has Klan Problem" -- describes the South Carolina Committee's efforts to condemn the KKK's acts of intimidation and physical violence, and to help defeat Klan members running for elected office.
Commission on Interracial Cooperation
<a href="https://www.austinseminary.edu/page.cfm?p=3050" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jessie Daniel Ames Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching collection, 1930-1944</a>, Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Seminary Library
1940 October
Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary Library
The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br />Pullen, Ann Ellis (2013). "<a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/commission-interracial-cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a>" New Georgia Encyclopedia.<br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Commission+on+Interracial+Cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal
The Southern Frontier, vol. 1, no. 9
Published by Commission on Interracial Cooperation (CIC), The Southern Frontier was a monthly newsletter, first issued in January, 1940. Aiming to share the stories overlooked by traditional newspapers, the newsletter published stories of social progress, as well as stories of racial injustices faced by African Americans across the American South. <br /><br />As described by the then President of the CIC Howard W. Odum, the name The Southern Frontier alludes to the need for even greater pioneering and progress in the social and cultural frontiers, the American South being the most turbulent field in reference to race relations and progress at the time.<br /><br />Vol. 1, No. 9 contains contributions by:<br /><br />John A. Kenney<br />Carter Wesley<br />Lee M. Owen<br />Homer F. Sanger<br />A. W. Dent<br /><br />Selected articles are:<br /><br />“Shortage of Negro Doctors” – A column by editor Carter Wesley of the Houston (Texas) Informer, highlighting the severely disproportionate ratio of African American doctors to African American citizens living in the south, prompting Wesley to further call for a lowering of the training standards needed to become a doctor. <br /><br />“What Negroes are Saying about National Politics” – An article featuring campaign promises from the Republican Party of Philadelphia and the Democratic Party of Chicago as well as selected quotes from African American citizens in advance of the 1940 national elections.
Commission on Interracial Cooperation
<a href="https://www.austinseminary.edu/page.cfm?p=3050" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jessie Daniel Ames Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching collection, 1930-1944</a>, Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Seminary Library
1940 September
Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary Library
The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><span>Pullen, Ann Ellis (2013). "</span><a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/commission-interracial-cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a>" New Georgia Encyclopedia.<br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Commission+on+Interracial+Cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal
The Southern Frontier, vol. 1, no. 7
Published by Commission on Interracial Cooperation (CIC), The Southern Frontier was a monthly newsletter, first issued in January, 1940. Aiming to share the stories overlooked by traditional newspapers, the newsletter published stories of social progress, as well as stories of racial injustices faced by African Americans across the American South. <br /><br />As described by the then President of the CIC Howard W. Odum, the name The Southern Frontier alludes to the need for even greater pioneering and progress in the social and cultural frontiers, the American South being the most turbulent field in reference to race relations and progress at the time.<br /><br />Vol. 1, No. 7 contains contributions by:<br />Virginius Dabney<br /><br />Selected articles are:<br /><br />The front page contains various articles concerned with "Education for the Negro."<br /><br />“Southern Women and Lynching” – An article briefly detailing the founding of The Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, and their efforts, visiting each community in which a lynching had occurred.<br /><br />“Police Brutality Common In Southern Cities” – An article detailing how common police brutality is in Southern black communities, and the alarming complacency towards it among white citizens. <br /><br />An appreciation for the life of Robert Russa Moton (oulined in mourning black) appears on p. 4.
Commission on Interracial Cooperation
<a href="https://www.austinseminary.edu/page.cfm?p=3050" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jessie Daniel Ames Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching collection, 1930-1944</a>, Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Seminary Library
1940 July
Austin Seminary Archives, Stitt Library, Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary Library
The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><span>Pullen, Ann Ellis (2013). "<a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/commission-interracial-cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a><span>" New Georgia Encyclopedia<br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Commission+on+Interracial+Cooperation" target="_blank" title="Commission on Interracial Cooperation" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commission on Interracial Cooperation</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal <br /><a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Moton_Robert_Russa_1867-1940" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="R. R. Moton biography">Robert Russa Moton (1867-1940)</a>, Encyclopedia Virginia</span></span>
In Defense of Prince Edward County of Virginia. Speech of Hon. Harry Flood Byrd of Virginia in the Senate of the United States, Wednesday, May 17, 1961
Reprint of Senator Harry F. Byrd's speech as recorded in the United States of America, Congressional Record, Proceedings and Debates of the 87th Congress, First Session.
Byrd, Harry Flood
M 172 Box 1, f2, <a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/384.oai_ead.xml" target="_blank" title="Calvin T. Lucy Papers, 1914 - 1978" rel="noreferrer noopener">Calvin T. Lucy Papers, 1914 - 1978</a>. James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
1961 May 17
Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
<span>The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. </span><br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/</a>
Learn more:<br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/search?query=farmville&query_type=keyword&record_types%5B%5D=Item&record_types%5B%5D=File&record_types%5B%5D=Collection&submit_search=Search" target="_blank" title="Images from Farmville, Va., 1963" rel="noreferrer noopener">Farmville</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal<br /><em><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/show/285" target="_blank" title="Newsletter" rel="noreferrer noopener">Defenders' News and Views</a></em>, Social Welfare History Image Portal<br /><a href="https://www.library.vcu.edu/about/special-collections/exhibits/freedom-now/" target="_blank" title="Protests, Farmville, Va. 1963" rel="noreferrer noopener">Freedom Now Project</a>, VCU Libraries <br /><a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Massive_Resistance" target="_blank" title=""Massive Resistance" by James H. Hershman, Jr." rel="noreferrer noopener">Massive Resistance</a>, Encyclopedia Virginia<br />Farmville, <a href="http://archives.qc.cuny.edu/civilrights/search?query=farmville&query_type=keyword&record_types%5B%5D=Item&record_types%5B%5D=File&record_types%5B%5D=Collection&record_types%5B%5D=Exhibit&record_types%5B%5D=ExhibitPage&record_types%5B%5D=SimplePagesPage" target="_blank" title="Queens College Civil Rights Archives" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queens College Civil Rights Archives</a>
Anti-School Busing Protest, February 1972
Black and white photograph of a man and a woman in a car during an anti-busing motorcade to Washington, D.C. The car is driving past the U.S. Supreme Court building and has a poster taped to the driver's side door of the car. The poster is of "The Little Red School House" used as a logo by <a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=Save+Our+Neighborhood+Schools" target="_blank" title="SONS" rel="noreferrer noopener">Save Our Neighborhood Schools, Inc.</a> with the words, "Help / Save Freedom." The man leans his head out the window and smiles.<br /><br />On February 17, 1972, nearly 3,300 cars traveled in a motorcade from Richmond, Virginia to Washington, DC. Despite snow, the protesters made a symbolic journey to Capitol Hill to voice their opposition to Judge Robert Merihge's ruling (<em>Bradley v. School Board of City of Richmond, Virginia) </em>that public schools<span> in Richmond, Henrico County, and Chesterfield County must be consolidated. At that time, Richmond public schools were 70 percent black while those of the two counties were about 90 per cent white.<br /><br />Cars in the motorcade carried red and white signs reading “Help Save Freedom” and imprinted with a picture of a little red schoolhouse. <br /></span>
Richmond Newspapers, Inc.
P.74.11.18n, <a href="https://thevalentine.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Valentine</a>
1972 February 17
The Valentine
This Work has been digitized in a public-private partnership. As part of this partnership, the partners have agreed to limit commercial uses of this digital representation of the Work by third parties. You can, without permission, copy, modify, distribute, display, or perform the Item, for non-commercial uses. For any other permissible uses, please review the terms and conditions of the organization that has made the Item available. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1972/02/18/archives/3300-autos-driven-to-capital-in-protest-3300-cars-in-the-capital.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">3,300 Autos Driven To Capital in Protest</a>, <em>The New York Times</em>, February 18, 1972.<br /><br />Pratt, Robert A. <em><em>The Color of Their Skin: Education and Race in Richmond, Virginia, 1954-89. <br /><br /><a href="http://lawreview.richmond.edu/2017/09/28/the-conscience-of-virginia-judge-robert-r-merhige-jr-and-the-politics-of-school-desegregation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Conscience of Virginia: Judge Robert R. Merhige, Jr., and the Politics of School Desegregation</a> <br /><br /></em></em><a href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/338/67/2182321/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bradley v. School Board of City of Richmond, Virginia, 338 F. Supp. 67 (E.D. Va. 1972) </a> <br /><br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=busing" target="_blank" title="materials related to school busing" rel="noreferrer noopener">Busing</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal
The Defenders News and Views [Newsletter]
Publication of The Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties, a grassroots political organization dedicated to preserving strict racial segregation in Virginia's public schools. The group was established in Petersburg in October 1954 following the Supreme Court decision <em>Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. </em>Chapters of the group opened across the Commonwealth of Virginia.<br /><br />This newsletter is a folded sheet, two pages printed on both sides. The text header on the front page says, "The Defenders News and Views/Published by Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties/405-A East Franklin Street."<br /><br />This document reports on the annual meeting of the Defenders that was held on November 4, 1959 in Richmond, Va. During this meeting a panel of representatives from private schools (identified as "those schools which have been established for parents who do not want their children to attend the integrated public schools") spoke. <br /><br />Members of the panel: <br />J. Barrye Wall, Prince Edward County <br />Jack Crouse, Warren County <br />Frank R. Ford, Norfolk <br />H. P. Paden, Arlington <br />Barry Marshall, Charlottesville <br /><br />Excerpt: <br />"White citizens of Prince Edward County offered to assist the Negroes to set up schools for their children, through use of the scholarship grants and surplus property laws....Mr. Wall emphasized the fact that the NAACP is interested only in integration - not education. Their program is to integrate the schools first, then churches, hotels and every phase of society. Education in Virginia today, he stated, is controlled by the NAACP, and complete integration by 1963 is the goal."
Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties
V.2011.02.01., <a href="https://thevalentine.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Valentine</a>
1959 October - November
The Valentine
This Work has been digitized in a public-private partnership. As part of this partnership, the partners have agreed to limit commercial uses of this digital representation of the Work by third parties. You can, without permission, copy, modify, distribute, display, or perform the Item, for non-commercial uses. For any other permissible uses, please review the terms and conditions of the organization that has made the Item available. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Defenders_of_State_Sovereignty_and_Individual_Liberties#start_entry" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties</a>, Encyclopedia Virginia <br /><a href="https://www.library.vcu.edu/about/special-collections/exhibits/freedom-now/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Freedom Now Project</a>, VCU Libraries<br /><a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Massive_Resistance" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massive Resistance</a>, Encyclopedia Virginia <br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/show/340" target="_blank" title="speech text" rel="noreferrer noopener">In Defense of Prince Edward County of Virginia</a>. Speech of Hon. Harry Flood Byrd of Virginia in the Senate of the United States, Wednesday, May 17, 1961, Social Welfare History Image Portal
Anti-Busing Motorcade in Washington, D.C., February 1972
Black and white photograph of a Richmond-based anti-busing motorcade passing through Washington, D.C. on 2nd Street behind the U.S. Supreme Court building. A policeman walks beside two cars.<br /><br /><span>On February 17, 1972, nearly 3,300 cars traveled in a motorcade from Richmond, Virginia to Washington, DC. Despite snow, the protesters made a symbolic journey to Capitol Hill to voice their opposition to Judge Robert Merihge's ruling (</span><em>Bradley v. School Board of City of Richmond, Virginia) </em><span>that public schools</span><span> in Richmond, Henrico County, and Chesterfield County must be consolidated. At that time, Richmond public schools were 70 per cent black while those of the two counties were about 90 per cent white.<br /><br />Cars in the motorcade carried red and white signs reading “Help Save Freedom” and imprinted with a picture of a little red schoolhouse. </span>
Richmond Newspapers, Inc.
P.74.11.18m, <a href="https://thevalentine.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Valentine</a>
1972 February 17
The Valentine
This Work has been digitized in a public-private partnership. As part of this partnership, the partners have agreed to limit commercial uses of this digital representation of the Work by third parties. You can, without permission, copy, modify, distribute, display, or perform the Item, for non-commercial uses. For any other permissible uses, please review the terms and conditions of the organization that has made the Item available. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1972/02/18/archives/3300-autos-driven-to-capital-in-protest-3300-cars-in-the-capital.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">3,300 Autos Driven To Capital in Protest</a><span>, </span><em>The New York Times</em><span>, February 18, 1972.<br /></span><br /><span>Pratt, Robert A. </span><em><em>The Color of Their Skin: Education and Race in Richmond, Virginia, 1954-89. <br /><br /><a href="http://lawreview.richmond.edu/2017/09/28/the-conscience-of-virginia-judge-robert-r-merhige-jr-and-the-politics-of-school-desegregation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Conscience of Virginia: Judge Robert R. Merhige, Jr., and the Politics of School Desegregation</a> <br /></em></em><br /><a href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/338/67/2182321/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bradley v. School Board of City of Richmond, Virginia, 338 F. Supp. 67 (E.D. Va. 1972) </a> <br /><br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=busing" target="_blank" title="materials related to school busing" rel="noreferrer noopener">Busing</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal
Mobilizing for Busing Protest, Richmond, Va.
Black and white photograph of people preparing for an anti-busing demonstration. A woman stands holding an American flag, and a man standing with her wears a hand-lettered anti-busing sign, "Forced bussing & consolidation of schools will lead to either [arrow points to a Nazi swastika] or [arrow points to Communist red star and a hammer and sickle.]" <br /><br />Other people wearing anti-busing signs mill about in front of the Richmond Coliseum. One woman's sign reads, "I'm not fussing but I will not bus. No! Merhige No!"
Richmond Newspapers, Inc.
P.74.11.18o, <a href="https://thevalentine.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Valentine</a>
1972 February 10
The Valentine
This Work has been digitized in a public-private partnership. As part of this partnership, the partners have agreed to limit commercial uses of this digital representation of the Work by third parties. You can, without permission, copy, modify, distribute, display, or perform the Item, for non-commercial uses. For any other permissible uses, please review the terms and conditions of the organization that has made the Item available. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><br /><a href="https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/browse?tags=busing" target="_blank" title="materials related to school busing" rel="noreferrer noopener">Busing</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal<br /><br /><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1972/02/18/archives/3300-autos-driven-to-capital-in-protest-3300-cars-in-the-capital.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">3,300 Autos Driven To Capital in Protest</a><span>, </span><em>The New York Times</em><span>, February 18, 1972.<br /></span><br /><span>Pratt, Robert A. </span><em><em>The Color of Their Skin: Education and Race in Richmond, Virginia, 1954-89. <br /><br /><a href="http://lawreview.richmond.edu/2017/09/28/the-conscience-of-virginia-judge-robert-r-merhige-jr-and-the-politics-of-school-desegregation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Conscience of Virginia: Judge Robert R. Merhige, Jr., and the Politics of School Desegregation</a> <br /></em></em><br /><a href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/338/67/2182321/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bradley v. School Board of City of Richmond, Virginia, 338 F. Supp. 67 (E.D. Va. 1972) </a>
Ku Klux Klan Parade in Richmond, Va.,
<span>Wearing white robes and hoods, members of the Ku Klux Klan, a right-wing extremist organization, parade on Grace Street in Richmond circa 1925. This photograph was taken at the intersection of Grace and Fifth streets, just a few blocks from the Virginia State Capitol.</span>
<a href="https://www.dementi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dementi Studio</a>, Richmond
<a href="https://thevalentine.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Valentine</a>
c. 1925
The Valentine
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<span>Learn more: </span><br /><a href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Ku_Klux_Klan_in_Virginia" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ku Klux Klan in Virginia</a><span>, Encyclopedia Virginia</span><br /><a href="https://labs.library.vcu.edu/klan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mapping the Second Ku Klux Klan, 1915-1940</a><span>, VCU Libraries </span><br /><a href="https://upsem.ent.sirsi.net/client/en_US/default/?rm=KU+KLUX+KLAN0%7C%7C%7C1%7C%7C%7C0%7C%7C%7Ctrue" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Ku Klux Klan and Christian Churches</a><span>, Union Presbyterian Seminary Library <br /><a href="http://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/exhibits/show/hate-and-extremism/gallery" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Backlash to Reform: Hatred and Extremism</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal<br /></span>
Reb-Time Records, No. 1862, Oldways Pub. Co
Reb-Time Records No. 1862 by Oldways Pub. Co. <br />This 45 RPM record contains music by "The Coon Hunters." One side is titled, "We Don't Want Niggers (In Our Schools)" and the other is "Nigger, Nigger."
M 342, Box 24, <a href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/vcu/repositories/5/resources/158.oai_ead.xml">Edward H. Peeples, Jr. Papers</a>, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library
<span>Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries</span>
The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/</a>
Learn more: <br /><a href="http://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/exhibits/show/hate-and-extremism/gallery" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Backlash to Reform: Hatred and Extremism</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal
White Power. The Newspaper of White Revolution, No. 24, February 1972 [National Socialist White Peoples Party publication]
Publication of the National Socialist White Peoples Party, formerly the American Nazi Party founded by George Lincoln Rockwell. Matt Koehl succeeded George Lincoln Rockwell as commander of the NSWPP after Rockwell was shot by John Patler.<br /><br />The cover of this 8-page newspaper declares "Busing is Genocide! Red Race-mixers Planning to Destroy White People But Whites Waking Up! Hated Buses Go Up in Smoke; Jew Mixmasters Warned: 'STOP THIS MURDER - OR YOU'LL BE NEXT TO BURN!'"<br /><br />[Image Description: Three neatly-dressed black elementary school boys stand in front of a Mecklenburg County, NC school bus as two white girls carrying books look on. One of the boys is speaking with a teacher. This photograph is surrounded by jagged white shapes and placed over a photograph of buses burning.]<br /><br />This article describes in violent racist and antisemitic language how the Aryan people of America are coming in growing numbers to the National Socialist movement under the leadership of Matt Koehl. The article continues on page 8 under the title, "Whites: Nixon Could Stop Busing."<br /><br />A second article shown here is "America: A Racial Mission" by Commander Matt Koehl (pages 4 - 5).<br /> <br />Also shown is an advertisement for a subscription to <em>White Power. </em>"SMASH...The Paper Curtain!...Read the most dynamic, idealistic, informative newspaper in the world today! Act now! Don't miss one fact-and-action-packed issue!" <br /><br />An advertisement for the soundtrack of <span>Leni Riefenstahl's 1935 German propganda film, </span><em>Triumph of the Will, </em>says, "Hold a Party rally right in your own living room!" "Also available: Luftwaffe, a stirring album of marches, songs and battle sounds of the German Air Force."
Anti-Semitism Collection, <a href="https://www.bethahabah.org/bama/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Beth Ahabah Museum & Archives</a>
1972 February
Beth Ahabah Museum & Archives
<span>The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <br /><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/</a><br /></span>
<span>Learn more: </span><br /><span>Miller, M.E. (2017). </span><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/08/21/the-shadow-of-an-assassinated-american-nazi-commander-hangs-over-charlottesville/?utm_term=.51e2a2320be3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The shadow of an assassinated American Nazi commander hangs over Charlottesville.</a><span> </span><em>The Washington Post</em><span> (August 21, 2017). <br /><a href="http://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/exhibits/show/hate-and-extremism/gallery" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Backlash to Reform: Hatred and Extremism</a>, Social Welfare History Image Portal<br /></span>