Virginia Federation of Labor Convention Badge. Bristol, Va., April 3, 4, 5, 1922
description: Virginia Federation of Labor delegate's convention badge. Delegates represented local unions at the state gathering. The Virginia Federation of Labor was aligned with the American Federation of Labor, the powerful organization of unions led by Samuel Gompers. Although southern workers struggled to organize successfully in large numbers, unions nonetheless became a force. Between 1885 and 1890, according to one historian, twenty-three national or international unions organized locals in Virginia. Another scholar estimates that by the turn of the twentieth century, about 10% of Richmond’s industrial workers were represented by unions. That success was tempered, however, by the pervasive racism of the period. When the Knights of Labor held a national convention in Richmond in 1886, the New York delegation was refused accommodations because one of their members was an African American. By 1919 progress in racial cooperation had been made at the national level. That progress was reflected at the Virginia State Federation of Labor’s annual convention, in the same year, in Alexandria. W.H. Page, of Newport News, became the first African American to be appointed to the Virginia group’s executive council. Black labor leaders, and black newspapers, praised the move, but it also prompted angry backlash. Some two thousand white unionists, of Richmond, left the Federation of Labor in protest of Page’s appointment. Those episodes evoke the racial tensions of the Jim Crow South. Image Description: This round badge has blue lettering on a white background with a multi-color coat of arms of Virginia in the center. Inscribed in blue: "27TH ANNUAL CONVENTION / VA. FEDERATION OF LABOR" above the seal and "APRIL 3.4.5, 1922, BRISTOL, VA." below. Suspended from oval badge inscribed : "DELEGATE". The back of the badge reads "The Whitehead and Hoag Co. Buttons, Badges, Novelties and Signs. Newark, N.J."
source: 2002.148.6, Virginia Museum of History & Culture, Virginia Historical Society
date: 1922
contributor: Virginia Museum of History & Culture, Virginia Historical Society
rights: NO COPYRIGHT - NON-COMMERCIAL USE ONLY This Work has been digitized in a public-private partnership. As part of this partnership, the partners have agreed to limit commercial uses of this digital representation of the Work by third parties. You can, without permission, copy, modify, distribute, display, or perform the Item, for non-commercial uses. For any other permissible uses, please review the terms and conditions of the organization that has made the Item available. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/
relation: Learn more: Love, R. Labor in Virginia during the twentieth century. Encyclopedia Virginia Virginia Federation of Labor proceedings of the 27th annual session held at Bristol, Virginia, April Third and Fourth, 1922. HathiTrust.org Harold, C. N. (2016). New Negro politics in the Jim Crow south. (Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press). Kimball, G. (1991, April). The working people of Richmond: life and labor in an industrial city, 1865-1920. Labor's Heritage, 3(2). Woman's Work. Sixteenth Annual Session of the Virginia Federation of Labor, Richmond, Virginia. June 6-7-8, 1911, 25-26. Note of Thanks to Miss Johnston. The Times Dispatch. (Richmond, Va.), 10 June 1911, p. 5. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Library of Congress.

High school seniors embark by bus to voter registration, Atlanta, Ga., 1959
description: Photograph of students from Luther Judson Price High School of Atlanta, Ga., prepare to register to vote. Caption attached to photograph: "18 year old high school students of Atlanta, Georgia as they embark by bus to register in the 1959 Voter Registration Campaign of the All Citizens Registration Committee headed by Mr. Jesse Hill, Jr., Actuary of the Atlanta Life Insurance Co." Handwritten on back of photograph: "R.E. Cureton, Principal of Price High School, Atlanta, Ga., confers with members of the Senior Class as they embark by bus to register in the 1959 Voter-Registration Campaign of the All Citizens Registration Committee headed by Jesse Hill, Jr. Actuary of the Atlanta Life Insurance Co. All six Atlanta High Schools participated in this program and registered 18 year old students (eligible to vote under Georgia law) nearly 100%."
source: M 296, Box 2, John Mitchell Brooks Collection of NAACP Files 1957-1978, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
date: 1959
contributor: Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
rights: COPYRIGHT UNDETERMINED The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/
relation: Learn more: Holmes, R. A. (2005). Black suffrage in the twentieth century. New Georgia Encyclopedia Myers, B. (2006). Jesse Hill (1927-2012). New Georgia Encyclopedia Voting Rights Act of 1965: An Introduction, Social Welfare History Project Voting Rights Act of 1965, Social Welfare History Project

Wake Up! Richmond, Va. Crusade for Voters [handbill]
description: This handbill was produced during Crusade for Voters campaign in 1976. The Crusade for Voters in Richmond, Virginia was started by John Mitchell Brooks, Dr. William S. Thornton, Dr. William Ferguson Reid, Ethel T. Overby and Lola Hamilton. Excerpts: WAKE UP! Richmond, Va. Voters Needed 50,000 or more Voters Needed to say that I am a citizen on election day Down with apathy Down with unemployment Don't let the newspaper lull you to sleep Be alert! Be a card carrying voter Any U.S. Citizen who will be 18 years or older before November 2, 1976 is eligible to vote IT IS FREE All Applicants MUST have their Social Security Number and know their birthdate. You must apply in person - no one can register for you. IF YOU HAVE BEEN PURGED - PLEASE REGISTER. ... "YOU GOTTA BELIEVE IT" YOUR ONE VOTE DOES COUNT
creator: Crusade for Voters Registration and Education Committee
source: M 296, Box 2, John Mitchell Brooks Collection of NAACP Files 1957-1978, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
date: 1976
contributor: Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
rights: COPYRIGHT UNDETERMINED The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/
relation: Learn more: Davis, B.N. (2018). ‘We Decided to Start a Third Party’ Richmond Magazine Nurturing the Roots: 90for90 and Black Political Power. The Progressive, July 15, 2016. Komp, C. (2017, October 26). The Lasting Legacy of the Richmond Crusade for Voters. Community Idea Stations. Matthews, K. A. (2017). The Richmond Crusade for Voters. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing.

State Capitation Tax receipts [poll tax receipts]
description: Virginia State Capitation Tax receipts from the various years. Note: Names and addresses have been removed from these receipts. Poll taxes have a long and contentious history in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Payment of the tax first became a requirement for voting in 1876, as part of an effort to make it more difficult for African Americans and poor whites to participate in elections. Beginning in 1904, Virginians could not register to vote without presenting proof of having paid the poll tax for each of the three years preceding an election. In March of 1966, in the case of Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the poll tax was unconstitutional. In 1970, the Virginia Constitution omitted authorization of the General Assembly to make payment of a poll tax a prerequisite for voting.
creator: Commonwealth of Virginia
source: M 68, Box 11, Edward H. Peeples, Jr. Papers, n.d., 1910, 1943-1994. Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library
contributor: Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
rights: NO KNOWN COPYRIGHT The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/
relation: Learn more: Tarter, B. Poll Tax. Encyclopedia Virginia Poll tax, Social Welfare History Image Portal Suffrage in the South: The Poll Tax (1940), Social Welfare History Project Nurturing the Roots: 90for90 and Black Political Power. The Progressive, July 15, 2016.

Socialism--By Federal Amendment / The Red Behind the Black
description: Two-sided handbill. One side uses quotations from The Messenger (1917-1928) to associate woman suffrage, black voting, and a socialist takeover of the United States government. The handbill argues that Socialists will benefit if a "Force Bill" introduced by Senator James E. Watson of Indiana were to be passed to enforce the 19th Amendment. The text raises the issues of interracial marriage and desegregation as threats. On the reverse, Scott Nearing is quoted as having replied to the question, "How do you propose to take property away from its owners?" "By CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT--in the same way that the property of the brewers and distillers was taken by Constitutional Amendment. The Prohibitionists have shown us the way in which property can be taken for public purposes without compensation to the owners," etc. --From The Review, Feb. 7, 1920, Page 130
source: M 9 Box 51, Adèle Goodman Clark papers, 1849-1978, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
contributor: Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
rights: NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.

Elihu Root Warns the South [anti-suffrage broadside]
description: Broadside publishing an essay by James Callaway, editor of the Macon Telegraph and an ardent anti-suffragist. Callaway quotes Senator William Borah: "The cornerstone of the very fabric of our system is the right of local self-government as to who shall vote in the State, or who shall own property and lands or attend schools in a State. These are prerogatives of the State, not of the Federal government. What I am contending for is this--that which is local in its nature as I conceive this suffrage matter to be, should be permitted to remain local. The right to vote can never, in the nature of things, under our system be other than a local question, for upon it rests the very integrity and the sovereignty of the State." Callaway discusses "complications" with the Federal government (including the Supreme Court that had decided against disenfranchisement laws) brought about when States cannot decide who gets to vote. He declares that the white primary was important for protecting white rural women in the black belt and making it safe for them to leave their homes without escort. "Talk about emancipation of women--of freedom and a war for humanity--when the Susan B. Anthony amendment will close the public highways to our women of the rural districts, and again make them the victims of the 'terrorism,' that frightfulness which superinduced nervous debility."
source: M 9 Box 51, Adèle Goodman Clark papers, 1849-1978, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
contributor: Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
rights: NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.

Senator John T. Morgan Denounces Woman Suffrage. "He Being Dead, yet Speaketh"
description: Anti-suffrage broadside that argues voting will corrupt women, and, more urgently, that increasing the number of black votes will bring about the end of white supremacy in Alabama. The words of Senator John Tyler Morgan, a staunch proponent of white supremacist ideology, and Judge William Henry Tayloe, a wealthy plantation owner, are quoted. Susan B. Anthony and Ida Husted Harper are mentioned. Excerpts: "White Supremacy Totters in Alabama. Men of the South, Shall It Fall? Woe Be Unto That Man who Would Betray Us. Judge W. H. Tayloe, one of Alabama's Ablest and Informed Statesmen, adds this Warning, Backed by Facts, Figures and Personal Experience." "It is not the moral influence of woman upon the ballot that I am objecting to, and it is not to get rid of that, or to silence or destroy such influence that I oppose it, but it is the IMMORAL influence of the ballot upon woman, that I depreciate and would avoid. I do not want to see her drawn into contact with the rude things of this world, where the delicacy of her senses and sensibilities would be constantly wounded by the attrition with bad and desperate and foul politicians and men. Such is not her function and is not her office; and if we degrade her from the high station that God has place her in to put her at the ballot-box, at political or other elections, we UNMAN ourselves and refuse to do the duties that God as assigned to us." "Though the Supreme Court of the Nation has held that the 14th and 15th amendments were not grants of power to Congress but limitations upon the power of the States; yet it found a way to declare void the provisions of the Constitution of Oklahoma that eliminated the negro in that State as a voter. How soon will it find a way to require the States to let the negro vote? Who can tell?" "Men of the South, the 15th Amendment but sleeps. Write your State Legislators TO-DAY to VOTE AGAINST WOMAN SUFFRAGE."
source: M 9 Box 51, Adèle Goodman Clark papers, 1849-1978, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
contributor: Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
rights: NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.

“V is for Virginia” [broadside]
description: In 1944, military leaders struggled to maintain troop levels as casualties mounted in World War II. The Navy Women’s Reserve Act, signed into law in 1942, authorized women to become part of the group called Women Accepted for Volunteer Service—commonly known as WAVES. By 1945, some 86,000 reservists were on duty. Women served in myriad roles during the war, running the gamut from clerks and drivers to machinists and radio operators, as well as doctors, engineers, and attorneys. This Richmond broadside encourages women to volunteer to become part of the “all-Virginia WAVES group.” Text: V is for VIRGINIA, the Old Dominion State which has given so generously of her men and women in every cause of justice, righteousness, and democracy. V is for VICTORY, which requires the energy and effort of every man and woman to bring the war to a quick and sure end. V is for VOLUNTEER, as in Virginia Victory Volunteers, the all-Virginia WAVES group in which Virginia women are enlisting during August and September 1944 to achieve the Victory we all desire. Investigate YOUR opportunity today! Volunteer at any U.S. Navy Recruiting Station or Office of Naval Officer Procurement; (5th & Cary Sts., Richmond 19, Va.)
creator: United States Navy
source: Broadside Collection, Call Number 1944:4, Library of the Virginia Museum of History & Culture, Virginia Historical Society
date: 1944
contributor: Virginia Museum of History & Culture, Virginia Historical Society
rights: NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ Acknowledgement of the Virginia Historical Society as a source is requested.

Virginia Warns Her People Against Suffrage [broadside]
description: Reprint of an editorial from the Richmond Evening Journal, May 4, 1915. "Virginia Warns Her People Against Suffrage ---- Twenty-nine counties would go under Negro Rule Over sixty counties in the State of Georgia The entire State of Mississippi ----- What of your state, your country? Isn't it about time for reflecting men and women to think--and act? ---- THE THREATENED COUNTIES From the Richmond Evening Journal May 4, 1915--Republished by Request Several times The Richmond Evening Journal has be asked to say which counties of Virginia have more colored than white female inhabitants. The question , of course, is in connection with the somewhat noisy demands we read of in the newspapers for "votes for women." Here is the list, from the United States census of 1910: ...It is to be remembered that the literacy test would not work in choking off the colored woman vote. The colored people are decreasing their percentage of illiteracy very fast, especially among their women and girls. The ladies of the suffrage league will hardly come forward with a property test. No safeguard would be left but the poll tax; and if colored women knew they could get votes and rule some very rich and important counties by paying $1.50 apiece, we are inclined to think most of them would be willing to go hungry, if necessary to do it. Probably the ladies engaged in this suffrage movement are not very practical or very logical or very well informed or disposed to bother their heads with the actual facts of politics. Most of them, we surmise, hold the somewhat vague, but firmly established feminine line of reasoning that when they want something , or think they want it, they ought to have it by all principles of wisdom and justice; and are prepared always to fall back on the traditional conclusive feminine argument "because."
source: M 9 Box 51, Adèle Goodman Clark papers, 1849-1978, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
date: 1915
contributor: Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
rights: NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ Acknowledgement of Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.

Support Rally for Gay & Lesbian Rights [broadside]
description: This broadside advertises a support rally for gay and lesbian civil rights that was held October 8, 1977. Activists organized the rally in Monroe Park to protest a concert given at the University of Richmond by Anita Bryant, the popular entertainer who evolved into a prominent anti-gay rights crusader in the 1970s. The rally’s primary speaker, Karla Jay (b. 1947), is the prominent professor, activist and author who published Out of the Closets: Voices of Gay Liberation (1972), with Allen Young. Image at bottom shows silhouettes and outlined figures with the caption, "We are your children."
creator: Richmond Citizens for Gay and Lesbian Rights
source: Broadside Collection, Call Number 1977:9, Library of the Virginia Museum of History & Culture, Virginia Historical Society
date: 1977
contributor: Virginia Museum of History & Culture, Virginia Historical Society
rights: NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ Acknowledgement of the Virginia Historical Society as a source is requested.
relation: Learn more: Anita Bryant at UR, 1970s, LGBTQ History at UR, Common Ground, University of Richmond A Guide to the Richmond Gay Documents Collection, 1974-1988, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU

Equal Suffrage and the Negro Vote [broadside]
description: This broadside was issued by the Equal Suffrage League in about 1916. Southern suffragists were forced to respond to anti-suffrage groups who argued that if African American women gained the right to vote, white supremacy would be threatened. Although some prominent suffragists claimed that their response was borne only out of expedience, and not principle, they nonetheless employed Jim Crow arguments by emphasizing the power of the literacy test and the poll tax.
creator: Equal Suffrage League of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia
source: Broadside Collection, Call Number 1916:1, Library of the Virginia Museum of History & Culture, Virginia Historical Society
date: c. 1916
contributor: Virginia Museum of History & Culture, Virginia Historical Society
rights: NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ Acknowledgement of the Virginia Historical Society as a source is requested.
relation: Learn more: The Negro Vote in the South. A Southern Woman's Viewpoint, Social Welfare History Image Portal

Bond, Piedmont Sanatorium
description: Bond, issued in 1917 in return for a donationof $1.00 toward the construction of Piedmont Sanatorium. The Piedmont Sanatorium was established in Burkeville, Virginia, in June, 1918. At that time, tuberculosis was one of the leading causes of death for African Americans, but segregated health care in Virginia dictated that blacks could receive treatment in only two facilities—Central State Hospital (a mental health facility) and the state penitentiary. The Negro Organization Society initiated discussions with the State Board of Health, particularly Agnes D. Randolph, the Director of the Bureau of Tuberculosis Education. Randolph was instrumental in convincing the state government to establish a facility for African Americans. The Negro Organization Society continued to be heavily involved with the issue, from raising public awareness to donating funds to improve the facility. Piedmont Sanatorium had closed by 1965, when black patients began to be sent to Blue Ridge Sanatorium, near Charlottesville. Excerpt: "This Bond is issued for the purpose of cooperation with the Negro Organization Society to erect and to equip one Building to be used for the patients and to include rooms for visiting Doctors who shall from time to time be invited for study to the Sanatorium. The purchaser hereby receives a share in the benefit and happiness to be derived."
creator: Piedmont Sanatorium
source: Manuscripts, Call Number Mss4 P5957 a 1, Library of the Virginia Museum of History & Culture, Virginia Historical Society
date: 1917
contributor: Virginia Museum of History & Culture, Virginia Historical Society
rights: NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ Acknowledgement of the Virginia Historical Society as a source is requested.
relation: Learn more: The White Plague: Tuberculosis, Discovery Set, Social Welfare History Image Portal Tuberculosis, Social Welfare History Project Tuberculosis, Social Welfare History Image Portal Tuberculosis Sanatoriums in Virginia: Catawba, Piedmont, and Blue Ridge, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia France J. J. (1920). A Post-Graduate Course in Tuberculosis at the Piedmont Sanatorium, Burkeville, Va. Journal of the National Medical Association, 12(2), 16–21. (link to PDF) The Rules of Good Health and Directions for Spring Cleaning. Prepared and Issued at the Request of the Negro Organization Society of Virginia (1917 April 5). Virginia Public Health Bulletin, IX(2) Extra.

Notice! The Coloured People of the City of Richmond… [broadside]
description: This 1866 broadside, issued by members of the African American community in Richmond, intended to clarify their plans to celebrate not the fall of the Confederacy, but rather the first anniversary of emancipation. When Richmond fell into the hands of Union troops, on 3 April 1865, enslaved individuals there effectively were emancipated. The text noted that the black community would commemorate “the day on which GOD was pleased to liberate their long-oppressed race”—emphasizing that their freedom came about as a result of God’s will. In the immediate aftermath of the war, racialized confrontations in Richmond’s streets frequently led to violence, and near-riots. The African American community, while determined to carry out their celebration, clearly intended to preempt potentially violent repercussions. Text: "NOTICE! The coloured people of the City of Richmond would most respectfully inform the public, that THEY DO NOT INTEND to celebrate THE FAILURE OF THE SOUTHERN CONFEDERACY, as it has been stated in the papers of this City, but simply as the day on which GOD was pleased to Liberate their long-oppressed race. C. Harris, J. Cocks, J. Edmunds, F. J. Smith, N. Williams, Committee. Richmond, Va., April 2, 1866"
creator: Unknown, although presumed authors are the “Committee” listed on the broadside: C. Harris, J. Cocks, J. Edmunds, F. J. Smith, N. Williams.
source: Broadside Collection, Call Number 1866:13, Library of the Virginia Museum of History & Culture, Virginia Historical Society
date: 1866
contributor: Virginia Museum of History & Culture, Virginia Historical Society
rights: NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ Acknowledgement of the Virginia Historical Society as a source is requested.
relation: Learn more: The Evacuation of Richmond. (1933). The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 41(3), 215-222. Richmond during the Civil War, Encyclopedia Virginia Ruane, M.E. (2015). War's End. The Washington Post. Linking to Our Past, Virginia Museum of History and Culture.

The History of Trade Unionism among Women in Boston.
description: A brief historical overview of the relationship between unionism and working women in Boston. This approach attempts to identify the causes for the wage and employment disparities of working women in comparison to working men, and therefore suggesting this inequality as the central reason for Boston’s working women link with unionism. Additionally, the booklet touches upon a handful of various labor unions organized exclusively by working women that lived and operated within the city of Boston during the turn of the century. These three pages represent an excerpt of a larger work. The entire 33-page publication may be read through HathiTrust.org.
creator: The Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL)
source: Simmons University Archives Charities Collection
date: 1906
contributor: Simmons University Library
rights: NO COPYRIGHT - NON-COMMERCIAL USE ONLY This Work has been digitized in a public-private partnership. As part of this partnership, the partners have agreed to limit commercial uses of this digital representation of the Work by third parties. You can, without permission, copy, modify, distribute, display, or perform the Item, for non-commercial uses. For any other permissible uses, please review the terms and conditions of the organization that has made the Item available. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/

MEN. You are making "The World Safe for Democracy." [anti-suffrage handbill]
description: Echoing Woodrow Wilson's request for a Declaration of War in 1917, this handbill argued that women should be free from political duties just as they were free from the duty of fighting in war. The Virginia Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage, formed in Richmond, Va. in 1912. This group of women was associated with the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage. Excerpts: "MEN. You are making 'The World Safe for Democracy.' And also safe for women. That your Mothers, Sisters and Wives may never have to suffer as the women of Belgium and France have suffered. ALL WOMEN THANK YOU Men manage most of our business. Our Government is a very big business. Most women want men to manage our Government. Only a few women want suffrage. Shall these few women force all women into politics? Women can do their bit best outside of Politics. Our hands are full already with work which only women can do. Women are free from the duty of fighting. Protect us in our right to be free from political duties."
creator: Virginia Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage
source: M 9 Box 51, Adèle Goodman Clark papers, 1849-1978, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
contributor: Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
rights: NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.
relation: Learn more: National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage, Wikipedia Annotate a PDF of this item with hypothes.is

Anti-Suffage Arguments [anti-suffrage handbill]
description: Handbill from the Virginia Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage articulating arguments against giving women the right to vote. The Association give several reasons why suffrage will not help working women. The VAOWS was a group of women opposed to suffrage who organized in Richmond in 1912. They were affiliated with the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage. Excerpts: "Votes cannot make work when there is no work. Votes cannot increase wages when there is no natural increase in business. The best safeguards for the working women are found in those States where the laws have been made by men voters.... The badge of the Consumer's League has done more for the relief of the working women, than any vote could ever do. A woman's citizenship is as great and as real as that of any man. The Anti-Suffragists stand for the true view of woman's place in the State."
creator: Virginia Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage
source: M 9 Box 51, Adèle Goodman Clark papers, 1849-1978, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
contributor: Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
rights: NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.
relation: Annotate a PDF of this item using hypothes.is

Votes for Men. [anti-suffrage handbill]
description: Anti-suffrage handbill arguing that women have the right to exemption from political duties and to protection, "even against herself, if need be." An advertisement for a weekly journal, The Woman Patriot, is included on this handbill. Excerpts: "VOTES FOR MEN ============ 'It's up to you, Son," says Uncle Sam.' Stand by the Women! Vote for Women's Rights! The one indisputable right of woman in relation to the State is exemption from political duties. If you vote for the ballot for women, you vote to start a corrupting force for all heedless women, a burden on good women. The man who opposes women's so-called emancipation is the far-sighted lover of his country and his kind. Can man do woman's work? No, no more can woman do man's work. Man and Woman stand side by side as two EQUAL but DIVERSE human entities. Woman's nature is fundamentally organically different from man's. Her right is the right to protection. The whole duty of man towards woman is to protect her, even against herself, if need be. She has a right to be protected, because she can't live a normal life without protection." Reverse side titled "Women's Rights" has quotations from Herbert Spencer, John Bright, and Miss Ida M. Tarbell.
creator: Pennsylvania Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage
source: M 9 Box 51, Adèle Goodman Clark papers, 1849-1978, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
contributor: Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
rights: NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.
relation: Learn more: Women's Suffrage: The Movement, Social Welfare History Project Anti-suffrage, Social Welfare History Image Portal The Woman Patriot, HathiTrust.org Annotate a PDF of this item with hypothes.is

Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage, Suffrage Procession, Saturday, May 9, 1914 [handbill]
description: Handbill advertising the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage procession, May 9, 1914. The women were demanding a United States Constitutional Amendment Enfranchising Women. The march gathered at the Belasco Theatre and processed to the Capitol in Washington, D.C. Nation-wide demonstrations were held on May 2, 1914 in support of Amendment. Envoys from these demonstrations brought petitions to Washington on May 9th and carried them in procession to Congress from Lafayette Square. Five thousand women massed on and about the East Steps of the Capitol singing "The March of the Women" composed by Ethel Smyth in 1910, to words by Cicely Hamilton.
source: M 9 Box 49, Adèle Goodman Clark papers, 1849-1978, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
date: 1914
rights: NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.
relation: Learn more: Nation-wide demonstrations were held on May 2nd in support of Federal Amendment. Envoys from these demonstrations brought petitions to Washington on May 9th and carried them in procession to Congress from Lafayette Square. Five thousand women massed on and about the East Steps of the Capitol singing (photograph). Library of Congress Shoulder to Shoulder [The March of the Women], Social Welfare History Image Portal Utah Woman Suffrage Song Book, Internet Archive Suffrage Song Book, Kansas Historical Society Votes for Women. Suffrage Rallying Song, Social Welfare History Image Portal

Interracial News Service, vol. 11, no. 1. January 1940
description: A news digest published by the Department of Race Relations, Federal Council of Churches, New York, NY. The Federal Council of Churches was an ecumenical association of Protestant denominations in the United States founded in Philadelphia in 1908. It merged with other ecumenical bodies in 1950 to form the present day National Council of Churches. Masthead: "Gleanings from press releases and other sources to inform busy but sincere people of some of the things affecting the lives of racial minorities. Let's do away with walls ! 'We are all one in Christ Jesus.' The Material in the News Service is given for information and is not to be construed as declarations of official attitudes or policies of the Department of Race Relations or the Federal Council of Churches." This issue takes a look back at 1939, noting important stories and trends. Topics include lynchings, jobs and organized labor, peonage, housing, civil rights, health, law, spots, arts, religion, literature, World War 2, and science. Selected notices: p. 1 "The Department of Records of Tuskegee Institute lists only three lynchings for the year 1939, a sharp decrease from former years. In eighteen instances law enforcement officers were credited with preventing lynchings, saving twenty-five persons from 'the hands of mobs,'" p. 2 "The right to vote has been sought with new vigor by Negroes in Southern states. The Klan was revived in an effort to terrify Negroes and keep them from registering in Florida and South Carolina...." "The refusal of library service was dramatized in Alexandria, Va., where the public librarian called the police to remove five colored youths who sought service in this public institution. Mrs. Mary McLeod Bethune, Director of Negro Affairs for the NYA reported at a meeting of the Southern Education Foundation that only 14 per cent of 509 public libraries in 13 Southern stataes provided service for Negroes." "Health facilities for Negroes are notably lacking. A study in Mississippi made…
source: E 185.5.I68, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Libraries, VCU Libraries
date: 1940 January
contributor: Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
rights: NO KNOWN COPYRIGHT The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/
relation: Learn more: The Southern Frontier, Social Welfare History Image Portal Jim Crow Laws and Racial Segregation, Social Welfare History Project

Interracial News Service, vol. 10, no. 5. October, 1939
description: A news digest published by the Department of Race Relations, Federal Council of Churches, New York, NY. The Federal Council of Churches was an ecumenical association of Protestant denominations in the United States founded in Philadelphia in 1908. It merged with other ecumenical bodies in 1950 to form the present day National Council of Churches. Masthead: "Gleanings from press releases and other sources to inform busy but sincere people of some of the things affecting the lives of racial minorities. Let's do away with walls ! 'We are all one in Christ Jesus.' The Material in the News Service is given for information and is not to be construed as declarations of official attitudes or policies of the Department of Race Relations or the Federal Council of Churches." This issue begins with the section "Negroes and the War." "The outbreak of war in Europt has brought penetrating comments from Negroes. We quote from editorials in various papers--all published by Negroes." The use of black troops by colonial powers is denounced. Other items include a notice that Booker T. Washington is to be the first black American honored by the U. S. Government with his face on a postage stamp; the appointment of Jane Bolin as the first African American woman judge; and the significant bequest of John W. Underhill to Mays Landing, N.J.
source: E 185.5.I68, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Libraries, VCU Libraries
date: 1939 October
contributor: Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
rights: NO KNOWN COPYRIGHT The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/
relation: Learn more: The Southern Frontier, Social Welfare History Image Portal Jim Crow Laws and Racial Segregation, Social Welfare History Project

Interracial News Service, vol. 10, no. 6, December, 1939
description: A news digest published by the Department of Race Relations, Federal Council of Churches, New York, NY. The Federal Council of Churches was an ecumenical association of Protestant denominations in the United States founded in Philadelphia in 1908. It merged with other ecumenical bodies in 1950 to form the present day National Council of Churches. Masthead: "Gleanings from press releases and other sources to inform busy but sincere people of some of the things affecting the lives of racial minorities. Let's do away with walls ! 'We are all one in Christ Jesus.' The Material in the News Service is given for information and is not to be construed as declarations of official attitudes or policies of the Department of Race Relations or the Federal Council of Churches." This issue contains numerous stories regarding efforts by African Americans to secure equal treatment in educational opportunity. One item reports the removal of "Little Black Sambo" from San Diego, Ca. kindergartens. There are also notices regarding issues of race and various Christian denominations. Other stories concern relief sent to Native Americans in areas hit by drought, the hiring of M. Leo Bohanon to the position of Director of Social Work in Minneapolis, Mn., and a story about the adoption of black children evacuated from London [in "Operation Pied Piper"] and the surprise they carried.
source: E 185.5.I68, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Libraries, VCU Libraries
date: 1939 December
contributor: Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
rights: NO KNOWN COPYRIGHT The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/
relation: Learn more: The Southern Frontier, Social Welfare History Image Portal Jim Crow Laws and Racial Segregation, Social Welfare History Project M. Leo Bohanon, Department of Special Collections, Washington University Libraries What World War II’s ‘Operation Pied Piper’ taught us about the trauma of family separations, The Washington Post Annotate a PDF of this document with hypothes.is

Social Justice, February 13, 1939
description: Front and back covers of Social Justice, February 13, 1939. Social Justice was a national weekly periodical published by Father Charles Coughlin during the late 1930s and early 1940s. Couglin was a Canadian-American Roman Catholic priest based near Detroit, Michigan. Coughlin hosted a weekly radio show that reached an estimated 30 million listeners. Social Justice was controversial for publishing anti-Semitic polemics. Eventually, the periodical's mailing permit was revoked and Father Coughlin's radio show was forced off the air. Excerpts: Front cover: "Make Your Choices" [Image Description: A man stands stroking his beard as he contemplates two statues, one of Abraham Lincoln and the other of Lenin.] "Today, this nation makes a mental pilgrimage to Springfield, Illinois, there to pay memorial tribute at the tomb of Abraham Lincoln. The rough, honest frontiersman lawyer who became a wartime President of the United States, has become a symbol of the Typical American. He is the Poor Man's President, the Great Emancipator, the Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, and a martyr because he opposed dis-union and the international bankers. Across the world, another tomb--that of Lenin in the Red Square of Moscow--is also a center of pilgrimage and the symbol of internationalism. Disciples of Lenin and followers of Lincoln are today in conflice in this country. And no American can be a 'neutral.' Which hero, Lenin or Lincoln? On which side are YOU--Americanism or Communism?" Back cover: "The 'Smut' Vendor" [Image Description: A man stands before a newsstand, smoking a cigarette and holding out a salacious magazine to the viewer. Behind him the shelves are filled with periodicals with titles such as "Smut," "Scandal," "Slime," "Passion," and "Scum."] "Our Man of the Week is a merchandiser of sensation, of propaganda disguised as entertainment, and of outright subversion of morality. The artist has sought to catch the evil spirit of his menace. Readers of Soci…
source: Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
date: 1939 February 13
contributor: Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
rights: COPYRIGHT UNDETERMINED The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/
relation: Learn more: Father Charles Coughlin, Social Welfare History Project “We are all Spiritual Semites” – American Catholics Condemn Kristallnacht, The Archivist's Nook, The Catholic University of America Annotate the item description on this page, or a PDF of this material with hypothes.is

Votes for Women! The Woman's Reason. Because [suffrage handbill]
description: Handbill published by the New York State Woman Suffrage Association. Excerpt: Votes for Women! The Woman's Reason. Because BECAUSE women must obey the laws just as men do, They should vote equally with men. BECAUSE women pay taxes just as men do, thus supporting the government, They should vote equally with men. BECAUSE women suffer from bad government just as men do, They should vote equally with men. BECAUSE mothers want to make their children's surroundings better, They should vote equally with men. BECAUSE over 5,000,000 women in the United States are wage workers and their health and that of our future citizens are often endangered by evil working conditions that can only be remedied by legislation, They should vote equally with men. BECAUSE women of leisure who attempt to serve the public welfare should be able to support their advice by their votes, They should vote equally with men. BECAUSE busy housemothers and professional women cannot give such public service, and can only serve the state by the same means used by the busy men--namely, by casting a ballot, They should vote equally with men. BECAUSE women are sonsumers, and sonsumers need fuller representation in politics, They should vote equally with men. BECAUSE women are citizens of a government of the people, by the people and for the people, and women are people. They should vote equally with men. EQUAL SUFFRAGE FOR MEN AND WOMEN. WOMEN Need It. MEN Need IT. The STATE Needs IT. WHY? BECAUSE Women Ought to GIVE Their Help. Men Ought to HAVE Their Help. The State Ought to USE Their Help.
creator: New York State Woman Suffrage Association.
source: Women's Suffrage Printed Ephemera Collection, 1860-1917, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
contributor: Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
rights: NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES Acknowledgment of Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/
relation: Learn more: "Let Me Help, Uncle" (political cartoon), Social Welfare History Image Portal Suffrage, Social Welfare History Image Portal Editorial cartoons, Social Welfare History Image Portal Annotate a PDF of this document with hypothes.is

A Tree Grows on Second Street
description: Public service comic published as a part of the National Social Welfare Assembly Comics Project. The Comics Project lasted from August 1949 - July 1967 and produced over 200 pages promoting citizenship and social values. Publisher's Note: "Published as a public service in cooperation with The National Social Welfare Assembly, coordinating organization for national health, welfare and recreation agencies of the U.S." Script: Jack Schiff Pencils: Sheldon Moldoff Inks: Sheldon Moldoff Letters: Joe Letterese
creator: Schiff, Jack (script) Moldoff, Sheldon (pencils, inks) Letterese, Joe (letters)
source: Superman, no. 162, July 1963, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
date: 1963 July
contributor: Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
rights: IN COPYRIGHT This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/
relation: Learn more: National Social Welfare Assembly, Social Welfare History Project Comics on a Mission: Educational and Public Service Comics, Social Welfare History Image Portal National Social Welfare Assembly comics, Social Welfare History Image Portal

What's Wrong with These Pictures?
description: Public service comic published as a part of the National Social Welfare Assembly Comics Project. The Comics Project lasted from August 1949 - July 1967 and produced over 200 pages promoting citizenship and social values. Publisher's Note: "Published as a public service in cooperation with The National Social Welfare Assembly, coordinating organization for national health, welfare and recreation agencies of the U.S." Script: Jack Schiff Pencils: Bernard Baily Inks: Bernard Baily Letters: Ira Schnapp
creator: Schiff, Jack (script) Baily, Bernard (pencils and inks) Schnapp, Ira (letters)
source: Detective Comics, no. 339, May 1965, James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries
date: 1965 May
contributor: Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library
rights: IN COPYRIGHT This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/
relation: Learn more: National Social Welfare Assembly, Social Welfare History Project Comics on a Mission: Educational and Public Service Comics, Social Welfare History Image Portal National Social Welfare Assembly comics, Social Welfare History Image Portal